Composite Adaptive Fuzzy Prescribed Performance Control of Nonlinear Systems

Cao, Xudong; Wang, Jianjun; Xiang, Wei

doi:https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/2948130

Mathematical Problems in Engineering

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Recent Advances in Synchronization and Control of Chaotic Systems and their Engineering Applications

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Research Article | Open Access

Volume 2020 | Article ID 2948130 | https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/2948130

Composite Adaptive Fuzzy Prescribed Performance Control of Nonlinear Systems

Xudong Cao,¹Jianjun Wang,¹and Wei Xiang²

Guest Editor: Lazaros Moysis

Received12 Dec 2019

Revised15 Feb 2020

Accepted24 Feb 2020

Published26 Mar 2020

Abstract

This paper proposes an adaptive fuzzy prescribed performance control (PPC) method of a class of uncertain nonlinear systems. Different from the traditional PPC approach that requires the exact values of the initial conditions, by using a new type of performance function, the proposed PPC scheme together with a composite adaptation law works effectively even without the knowledge of initial conditions. Meanwhile, the constructed disturbance observer and fuzzy logic systems can estimate system uncertainties including external disturbances and fuzzy approximation errors. Under the proposed tracking controller, the boundedness of all involved signals is guaranteed, and the tracking errors satisfy the prescribed performance bounds all the time. Finally, simulation results show the efficacy of the proposed method.

1. Introduction

It is well known that the control performance of traditional control methods may not be satisfactory for uncertainties and external disturbances in real systems. In fact, most real-world systems’ model is very hard to be achieved, and it is very hard to implement controllers for these systems. Since the fuzzy logic system can be used to model nonlinear dynamics, it can be used to deal with the uncertainty of the system. At present, adaptive fuzzy control for uncertain systems has been widely studied [1–9]. Adaptive fuzzy control method is effective for tackling parametric uncertainties and external disturbances, in which tracking errors are utilized to update fuzzy parameters as well as to approximate unknown nonlinear functions. For fractional-order modified chaotic systems, linear control and fuzzy control are combined to realize synchronous control in [10]. Adaptive fuzzy impulsive control for nonlinear systems was presented in [11]. On the contrary, prescribed performance control (PPC) methods are proposed for nonlinear systems to get rapid stability of the controlled systems [12–16]. The PPC method usually includes two aspects: one is transforming the constrained system into an unconstrained equivalent transformation system, and the other is to prove that the transformed variable remains bounded. For example, in [13], PPC and backstepping technique were combined to explore a class of nontriangular structure nonlinear systems. Shao and Tong [14] investigated an effective PPC scheme for MIMO stochastic nonlinear systems. Usually, the traditional prescribed performance boundary (PPB) of tracking error e is described aswhere λ ∈ [0, 1], , and λ₀, λ_∞, and λ₁ are design parameters. If the initial value e(0) is unknown, the controller of PPC may not meet PPB (1), resulting in poor control performance. Recently, Bu et al. [17] proposed prescribed performance neural controllers of a flexible air-breathing hypersonic vehicle. By using the property of performance function, the problem of unknown initial value was solved, and the prescribed performance of the system state is guaranteed. Therefore, the performance function in [17] will be used to investigate the uncertain nonlinear system with dead-zone inputs.

Learning ability is a fundamental feature of all intelligent behaviors. Up to now, there are many learning control methods which have been proposed for nonlinear systems. Iterative learning control technology is applicable to the repeated operation system on finite time under the premise that the initial value of the iteration error is zero [18–20]. After enough iterations, the controller with reasonable design parameters can realize the zero error of the system output/state over the entire operation interval. However, due to the limitation of the reset condition, there is an initial error in the actual situation. For various nonlinear uncertainties including the parameter uncertain system and the nonparametric uncertain system, designing learning controller based on Lyapunov synthesis method, solving the corresponding trajectory tracking problem, is a research hotspot in the field of learning control. To solve the problem of nonzero error initial value and to design the learning control system, the composite learning control method is proposed by Pan et al. [21, 22]. Based on comprehensive learning techniques, an adaptive dynamic surface control algorithm was proposed for integer-order systems with mismatched parameters in [21]. The interval integral of online recorded data was used to generate prediction error and instantaneous tracking error to update the parameter estimation. The composite learning technology can solve the shortcomings of the parallel learning adaptive control algorithm and effectively realize the parameter convergence under the condition of continuous excitation in the integer-order system. In [23, 24], a disturbance observer was proposed for nonlinear systems by means of the adaptive fuzzy composite learning control, where the PPC problem is not considered. In [25, 26], composite learning control was extended for fractional-order systems. To our knowledge, the composite learning PPC is rarely investigated.

Inspired by the above works, this paper researches adaptive fuzzy PPC for nonlinear systems with unknown initial conditions. Firstly, the PPB conditions are given by the performance function. Then, the original system is transformed into an equivalent transformation system. Afterwards, an external disturbance observer is designed, which can estimate system uncertainties including external disturbances and fuzzy approximation errors. The proposed adaptive fuzzy composite learning law can not only guarantee the prescribed performance but also make accurate estimates of system uncertainties. The main contributions of this paper are summarized as follows. (1) The control method proposed in this paper can overcome the dependence of traditional PPC on initial values. (2) Disturbance observers constructed with prediction errors can accurately estimate system uncertainties. (3) Compared with the traditional adaptive fuzzy PPC method, the proposed method has better control performance.

The rest of this work are arranged as follows. Some basic mathematical results and the problem statement are presented in Section 2. The prescribed performance transformation, the adaptive fuzzy PPC design, and the observer design, as well as the stability analysis are included in Section 3. A simulation example is presented in Section 4 to show the validity of the proposed method, and some comparison results are also given. At last, Section 5 gives a sum-up of the whole research.

2. Preliminaries

Consider the following nonlinear system with dead-zone inputswhere is the state vector which is assumed to be measurable, is an unknown smooth function, G(x) = diag(, , …, ) is a coefficient matrix, and is a known function, i = 1, 2, …, n. is an unknown external disturbance. is the controller output vector, and is the controller input vector subject to dead-zone type nonlinearity. Γ_i(u_i) is described aswhere m, b_ri, and b_li are positive constants. So, one can write (3) aswhere

According to (4), system (1) can be rewritten aswhere and .

Define and e_i = x_i − x_di, and x_di is the reference signal, i = 1, 2, …, n. The following assumptions need to be given: Assumption 1. The reference signal x_di and _di are known, and the initial x_i(0) is unknown but bounded Assumption 2. The nonlinear function f_i(x) is unknown but bounded Assumption 3. The gain function is known and for all x Assumption 4. The unknown external disturbance d_i(t) is time varying and satisfies and , where l_1i and l_2i are unknown positive constants

Remark 1. It is well known that, in real-world systems, the initial conditions are very hard to be obtained, i.e., the initial conditions are unknown. In this paper, to solve this problem, based on above assumptions, this paper will design an adaptive fuzzy prescribed performance controller.

Remark 2. In this paper, is assumed unknown smooth function, so fuzzy logic systems (FLSs) will be used to approximate it. If is an uncertain smooth nonzero function, one can divide into the nominal part and the perturbed part and incorporate into and define asand then estimate by using FLSs. Therefore, this paper only considers the case that is known smooth nonzero function.
Here, define F_i(x) = l_if_i(x), where l_i is a positive design constant and is the approximate of F_i(x) by using FLSs, where is an adjustable parameter vector and is the fuzzy basis function vector. And , is the optimal parameter vector, and is the approximate error. Defining , one hasLet us denote, , and . So, f(x) in (6) can be expressed asLet . The error system of e can be described as

Remark 3. From (10), one knows that the unknown vector D is composed by the external disturbance d(t), the approximate error ɛ_F, and Δu. So, the disturbance observer will be constructed so that can estimate d(t) + f(x) + Δu in this paper.
The aim of this paper is (i) to use a given performance function to get rid of the dependence on the sign of the initial value e(0); (ii) to design the composite learning control with the disturbance observer to make sure that the tracking error e satisfies the prescribed performance boundary; and (iii) to estimate system uncertainties accurately.

3. Control Design and Stability Analysis

3.1. Prescribed Performance

It is assumed here that the tracking error e_i satisfies the following prescribed performance boundary (PPB) for i = 1, 2, …, n:where are two adjustable positive constants and y_i(t) is a performance function. Notice that x_i(0) is unknown, which leads to e_i(0) is unknown. To make sure that holds, one chooses the performance function y_i(t) [17] aswhere λ_1i, λ_2i, and λ_∞ are designed positive constants. Obviously, y_i(t) has the following properties:(1)y_i(t) is positive and decreasing(2);(3)(4)

By using property 3 of the performance function y_i(t), we know that and . Then, for any unknown bounded initial value e_i(0), we can select the value of λ_2i adequately small so that the following inequality holds:

Next, an error transformation function S(z_i) will be introduced to transform e_i into a transformation error signal z_i. Letwhere . Apparently, S(z_i) has the following properties:(1)S(z_i) is a strictly increasing smooth function(2)

From properties 1 and 2 of S(z_i), one knows that . Multiplying both sides of the above inequality by y_i(t), we have . Therefore, one can use (14) to represent PPB (11).

Now, y_i is denoted as y_i(t). Because S(z_i) is strictly increasing function, one obtainsand the following transformation error systemwhere and .

Lemma 1. If z_i is bounded, then PPB (11) holds.

Proof. Since z_i is bounded, there exists a positive constant M such that . Noting that S_i(z_i) is strictly monotonic increasing, one has , that is, holds.
Now, according to (10) and (11), the transformation system is obtained as follows:where r = diag(r₁, r₂, …, r_n) and . In order to show the performance of FLSs, is introduced as the estimation of z, andwhere and K = diag(k₁, k₂, …, k_n), k_i is the positive design constant.
The disturbance observer is constructed aswhere Π = diag(π₁, π₂, …, π_n), π_i and l₀ are positive design parameters.
The derivative of yieldswhere . Furthermore, one obtains

3.2. Main Result

Based on the above analysis, the main result of this paper is given.

Theorem 1. For nonlinear system (1) with unknown initial value x(0) and the time-varying external disturbance d(t), if the controller u(t) and the composite learning-based parameter adaptive laws are designed aswhere C = diag(c₁, c₂, …, c_n), are positive design constants, i = 1, 2, …, n, and the disturbance observer is designed as (19), then all the close-loop system signals in (23) are uniformly ultimately bounded. Furthermore, the error state e_i satisfies PPB (11).

Proof. Define the Lyapunov function aswhereThen, the derivatives of V_i, i = 1, 2, 3, 4 can be given as follows:Using (25)–(28), one hasAccording to Meng and Moore [20], there exist unknown positive constants χ_i and ϱ_i such that and ‖_i‖ ≤ φ_i, respectively. So, the following inequalities hold:where ν_i is a positive constant. Substituting (30) into (29), one can obtainwhere . By choosing parameters l₀, l_i, and δ_i to satisfy , , , and , and define the following compact setsObviously, if or or or , will be negative. Hence, , and are uniformly bounded. Because z_i is bounded, it is known from Lemma 1 that e_i satisfies PPB (11).

Remark 4. In (22), a composite learning adaptation law for the fuzzy parameter is given. It should be noticed that this law is very important to achieve accurate approximation of unknown nonlinear functions in the PPC design. In fact, adaptive fuzzy PPC methods are used in many references, for example, in [27–30]. However, the control methods in the aforementioned literature have no such ability.

Remark 5. In the proposed method, as indicated in Theorem 1, all signals will remain bounded. It has also been shown that the variables will converge to a small region of zero whose radius is determined by control design parameters. One can adjust the radius of the region by using different parameters.

4. Example

In this section, Liu chaotic system [31] is introduced to show the effect of proposed control method (22), and the Liu chaotic system is described as follows:where = = = 1, d₁(t) = 5.5 sin(t), d₂(t) = 6.0 sin(t), and d₃(t) = 6.5 sin(t). The reference signal x_d = [cos(t), 0.5 cos(t), −2.6 cos(t)]^T. The state initial value is assumed unknown. In this case, the traditional PPC method cannot be applied. Assume that the tracking error is in the range [−5, 5], select the performance function y₁(t) = y₂(t) = y₃(t) = coth(0.5t + 0.25) − 1 + 0.1, and initial values are chosen as x(0) = [−1, −0.5, −0.8]^T, , v(0) = [−2, 2, 3]^T, and , and parameters are chosen as , l₀ = 20, l_i = 10, k_i = c_i = 10, and , i = 1, 2, 3. The fuzzy membership functions are selected aswhere j = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5; k = x₁, x₂, x₃.

The simulation results are shown in Figures 1–6. Denote the proposed method of this paper as OBPPC. From Figures 1–3, one can see that tracking errors e₁, e₂, and e₃ are limited within PPB (11). Under the disturbance observer (19), , , and can efficiently estimate f₁(x) + d₁(t) + Δu₁, f₂(x) + d₂(t) + Δu₂, and f₃(x) + d₃(t) + Δu₃ in Figure 4. Here, the existence problem of ṙ_i in (32) needs to be considered. In Figure 6, the tracking errors e_i enter the stable region [−0.1, 0.1], but the dead-zone fluctuation of e_i will occur due to the influence of the dead-zone inputs u_i (see Figure 5), which will cause r_i to fluctuate. Notice that its derivative _i is bounded, and the value of is not larger. Therefore, this paper chooses c_i = 30 which can guarantee the existence of compact sets , and .

(a)

(b)

(a)

(b)

(a)

(b)

(a)

(b)

(c)

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

In order to compare with the traditional PPC, it is necessary to assume that the sign of the tracking error e_i is known, and the control method law is designed aswhere and is the estimation of . The parameter λ in (1) is selected as λ = 1. Denote the control law (35) as TPPC. It can be seen from Figure 7 that the error e_i satisfies (1), but the estimation of is poor. Therefore, it can be seen from the comparison that the method proposed in this paper is more effective.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

5. Conclusion

By using the composite PPC method and the disturbance observer, this paper addresses the stability for a class of uncertain nonlinear system with unknown initial states. Firstly, a performance function is introduced to overcome the problem of unknown initial values. Then, the error system is transformed to an equivalent one by using transformation function. Through the constructed observer and fuzzy logic systems, unknown functions and time-varying external disturbances can be estimated effectively. Meanwhile, the boundedness of all involved signals is guaranteed. Moreover, the tracking errors satisfy the prescribed performance bounds all the time. How to apply the proposed method to real-world systems, such as robotic manipulators, is one of our future research directions.

Data Availability

All data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this article.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this paper.

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Copyright

Copyright © 2020 Xudong Cao et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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