State Estimation of Lithium Batteries for Energy Storage Based on Dual Extended Kalman Filter

Table 2

The average estimation error.

	Open-circuit state		Constant-current discharge state		Intermittent discharge state
	0 initial error (%)	2% initial error (%)	0 initial error (%)	10% initial error (%)	0 initial error (%)	10% initial error (%)
DEKF	0.2	0.2	0.8	1.3	1.8	2.7
CC	0	1.8	4.2	11.4	6.5	13.3