Impacts of Voice and Accountability upon Innovation in Pakistan: Evidence from ARDL and Maki Cointegration Approaches

Table 3

Results of ADF, PP, DF-GLS, and KPSS unit root analysis.

	ADF	PP	DF-GLS	KPSS	ADF	PP	DF-GLS	KPSS
	Level				First difference
	Trend + intercept				Trend + intercept
Variables	T-stat	T-stat	T-stat	LM-stat	T-stat	T-stat	T-stat	LM-stat
INN	−1.552	−2.321	−1.614	0.155	−7.170	−4.733	−3.386	0.046
VAA	−2.844	−2.380	−2.858	0.184	−3.583	−4.340	−3.726	0.072
TSM	−1.432	−0.460	−1.720	0.300	−3.695	−4.408	−3.308	0.065
INF	−1.986	−1.522	−2.044	0.296	−3.482	−4.380	−3.162	0.077
SAV	−2.228	−1.847	−1.989	0.207	−4.183	−3.922	−4.261	0.113

Note. and Significant levels at 5% and 1%.