Impacts of Voice and Accountability upon Innovation in Pakistan: Evidence from ARDL and Maki Cointegration Approaches

Table 4

CMR structural break unit root test.

Variables	AO-model T-stat	TB1	TB2	IO-model T-stat	TB1	TB2	Results
Level
INN	−3.948	2012Q3	2010Q3	−3.675	2013Q4	2010Q4	I(0)
VAA	−2.645	2007Q2	2004Q3	−2.639	2004Q2	2004Q4	I(0)
TSM	−3.815	2006Q1	2010Q4	−3.903	2005Q4	2012Q2	I(0)
INF	−3.178	2005Q1	2007Q2	−3.782	2010Q2	2007Q2	I(0)
SAV	−3.165	2009Q3	2009Q1	−3.252	2008Q4	2004Q1	I(0)
First difference
INN	−5.847	2010Q1	2008Q2	−5.782	2010Q1	2009Q1	I(1)
VAA	−6.627	2004Q2	2006Q1	−6.662	2006Q1	2006Q2	I(1)
TSM	−5.598	2007Q1	2005Q1	−5.510	2007Q1	2005Q1	I(1)
INF	−6.609	2008Q1	2007Q2	−8.190	2008Q1	2008Q1	I(1)
SAV	−5.072	2005Q1	2011Q1	−5.930	2011Q1	2011Q3	I(1)

Note. Significant levels at 1%.