Dingo Optimizer: A Nature-Inspired Metaheuristic Approach for Engineering Problems

Table 3

Description of equations (1)–(4).

Elements and description
	Distance between the dingo and prey
	Positioning of a prey vector
	Positioning of a dingo vector
	Coefficient vector
	Coefficient vector
	Random vector in [0, 1]
	Random vector in [0, 1]
	Linear decrease over the course of iterations
	Absolute value
	Maximum no. of iteration
	Fitness value of alpha () dingo
	Fitness value of alpha () dingo
	Fitness value of other dingoes