Abstract
Objective of this paper is a study of the impact of heat and mass transfer on time-dependent flow of a third-grade convective fluid due to an infinitely rotating upright cone. An interesting fact is observed that the similarity solutions only exist, if we take the angular velocities of the cone and far away from the fluid as an inverse function of time. The analytical solutions of the reduced ordinary differential equations of third-grade fluids are offered by the optimal homotopy analysis method (OHAM). The results for important parameters are illustrated graphically as well as in tabular form. The precision of the present results is also checked by comparison with the numerical outcomes published earlier. The impact of non-Newtonian fluid parameters is found to decrease the primary skin-friction coefficient. There is an aggregate in Nusselt and Sherwood numbers for increasing the ratio of the buoyancy forces.
1. Introduction
In the modern era, non-Newtonian fluid flows gain appreciable attention due to its huge applications in massive engineering and industrial processes. This phenomenon achieves great importance in theoretical as well as practical viewpoint. Heat and mass transfer in non-Newtonian fluids are of significance in various manufacturing, industrial, and engineering applications such as food processing, nanomaterial production, and lubrication.
Nazir et al. [1] studied transport phenomenon in Carreau fluid with variable diffusion. Makinde and Chinyoka [2] reported numerical study of unsteady hydromagnetic generalized Couette flow of a reactive third-grade fluid with asymmetric convective cooling. Generalized Couette flow of a third-grade fluid with slip: the exact solutions were analyzed by Ellahi et al. [3]. Salahuddin et al. [4] found the solutions of MHD flow of Williamson fluid over a stretching sheet. Attia et al. [5] explored unsteady Couette flow of a thermally conducting viscoelastic fluid with porosity. Krishna et al. [6] offered multiple solutions for non-Newtonian fluids along an elongating surface. Hayat et al. [7] discussed impressions of radiations and chemical reactions in stretched flows of Jeffrey fluids. Properties of hall and ion slip with Jeffrey peristaltic fluid were deliberated by Ellahi et al. [8]. The process of mixed convection exists when induced and normal convection variations are compatible. It has a marvelous role heat exchangers, solar collectors and nuclear reactors. In the current work, a vertically aligned cone is fixed in a non-Newtonian fluid with the outward flow is inspected. Problems related to heat transfer with convective flow about conic shaped objects are superbly applied in automobile and organic productions. In numerous real-world situations, the unsteady combined convective flows do not essentially give similarity solution and for the past era, several problems have been examined, where the nonsimilarity has to be measured. The body arc is responsible for fluid flow for free stream velocity. The essential scientific complications intricate in finding nonsimilar solutions for such studies have limited many scientific minds to confine their findings either to the nonsimilar steady flows or to the unsteady semisimilar flows. In self-similar solutions, a set of partial differential equations can be converted to a scheme of ordinary differential equations. In modern studies, Anilkumar and Roy [9] and Saleem et al. [10] did an important work for mixed convection flow on a rotating cone in a rotating fluid. Significant features of Dufour and Soret effect on viscous fluid by a rotating cone with entropy generation were inspected by Khan et al. [11]. The variable surface temperature and heat flow on a vertical permeable circular cone was inspected on a free convection by Hassainetal et al. [12]. Shamkha et al. [13] examined the analysis of radiation impacts on a cone embedded in a porous nanofluid-filled medium in a mixed convection. There are numerous developments in flows depending on time and with surface mass transfer (suction/injection), where the thermal and mass diffusion of temperature and concentration gradient results in the buoyancy effects. Therefore, it is worthwhile studying the boundary layer fluid over a cone with the thermal diffusion and mass diffusion if the freely flow rate changes randomly with time [14–18] in order to improve the examination on mutual convection.
The main task of the existing paper is to observe the variation of heat and mass transfer on third-grade fluid flow induced by the rotating cone. The highly nonlinear ordinary differential equations of the third-grade fluid with the prescribed wall temperature conditions are solved by the optimal homotopy analysis method (OHAM) [19–27]. Usually, the nonlinear system of ODE is difficult to tackle with the analytical method. Mostly, some well-known techniques such as perturbation methods are applied for this purpose. These techniques have limitations as they rely on small/large parameters. Moreover, such algorithms fail to control the convergence region of series solutions. Liao [19] was the first who developed a semianalytical method to handle highly nonlinear equations with the specialty to regulate and control the region of convergence.
Furthermore, graphs and numerical tables show the effects of interesting parameters on the velocities, stress tensor, temperature, and concentration fields. In addition, comparisons of the findings with the literature previously available have verified the exactness of the analytical methodology.
2. Mathematical Model
Let consider the laminar incompressible flow of a third-grade fluid on a rotational vertical cone in a rotating fluid. The motion is unsteady due to the rotation of the cone and the fluid along the cone axis. The geometry of flow field is described in Figure 1.
A rectangular coordinate system is considered where u, , and are the velocity components in the x-tangential, y-azimuthal, and z-normal directions, respectively. Axisymmetric flow is considered while wall temperature and the wall concentration vary linearly in The momentum, energy, and diffusion equations for a third-grade fluid are given as [9]
The appropriate physical boundary conditions are defined aswhere and are the material parameters of fluid considered. Note that the viscous dissipation effects in the energy equation are assumed to be negligible. Introducing the following nondimensional quantities [9],where flow field accelerates for positive s (unsteady parameter) and vice versa. is the buoyancy force parameter, is the ratio of the buoyancy forces, and are the third-grade fluid parameters. The governing equation along with boundary conditions (1–6) is systematically satisfied and written as
The skin-friction coefficients in the primary and secondary directions are, respectively, given bywherewhere .
The rate of heat and mass transfer in nondimensional form is written as
3. Solution Procedure
In order to get the analytical solutions of equations (8) to (12), we have applied the optimal homotopy analysis method (OHAM) [19–27]. The base function for velocity fields , temperature field , and the concentration field can be stated asin the formin which are the coefficients. The initial guesses , and are
3.1. Optimal Convergence-Control Parameters
All series solution of homotopic type involves the nonzero auxiliary parameters , and which describe the convergence region. To find out the optimal values of , and , we have utilized the notion of minimization as introduced by [19]where is the residual error, .
By using Mathematical package BVPh2.0, we have reduced the average residual error. Different sets of global optimal convergence-control parameters are obtained at various approximations to achieve minimum values of related total averaged-squared residual error (see Table 1).
The average and total squared residual errors are defined in equations (30) to (33), respectively, and presented in Table 2 at diverse order of approximations. Increasing the order of approximations error can be reduced.
4. Results and Discussion
The variations of the profiles of the flow velocities, temperature, and concentration, as well as the skin-friction coefficients and the Nusselt and Sherwood numbers against the ratio of angular velocities , ratio of the buoyancy force , ,, and are third-grade parameter, and the unsteadiness parameter are discussed through graphs and numerical tables.
Figures 2(a) to 2(d) describe the behavior of the tangential velocity for, , , and . It is found from Figure 2(a) that for the fluid and the cone are rotating in the same direction with equal angular velocity and only because of favorable gradient pressure, i.e., = 1. When , the velocity increases its magnitude while it decreases for . The velocity at the edge of the boundary layer can be seen asymptotically, when < 0 is reached in oscillatory fashion. In the physical area of the boundary layer, such oscillations which arise from the excess convection of the angular momentum. Figures 2(b) and 2(c) elucidate that the magnitude of the velocity reduces for a second-grade parameter , while there is an increase in the magnitude for . The velocity is a decreasing function of (see Figure 2(d)).
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
The influences of , , and on the velocity is presented in Figures 3(a) to 3(d). Figure 3(a) displays that the velocity decreases for, where as it is reversed when . It is evident in Figures 3(b) and 3(c) that the velocity enhances with an increase in and , respectively. It is seen from Figure 3(d) that causes a reduction in the magnitude of the velocity . There is a rising behavior in the Nusselt and Sherwood numbers for increasing N and s (see Figures 4(a) and 4(b)).
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(a)
(b)
Table 3 is reported in order to confirm the serious solutions obtained. Table 3 indicates that the analysis and numerical findings follow the appropriate criteria. The numerical values of the skin-friction coefficients in both directions for different emerging parameters are displayed in Table 4. The influence of , , is to decrease the primary skin-friction coefficient. On the other hand, the secondary skin-friction coefficient varies directly with, but inversely proportional to
5. Conclusions
The problem of a third-grade fluid’s combined convection flow is analyzed in the current work on a vertical rotating cone. The reduced nondimensional differential equations of third-grade fluid, temperature, and concentration are unraveled by the optimal homotopy analysis method (OHAM). The existing calculated outcomes are acknowledged in a conventional agreement with the previously published results available in the literature:(i)It is found that the tangential velocity has a reducing manner for and , however increases for (ii)The skin-friction coefficients are increasing functions of the ratio of the buoyancy forces (iii)The impact of third-grade fluid parameters , and is found to decrease the primary skin-friction coefficient(iv)There is increasing activity with Nusselt and Sherwood numbers for increasing N values
Data Availability
No data were used to support this study.
Conflicts of Interest
The author declares that they have no conflicts of interest.
Acknowledgments
The author extends his appreciation to the Deanship of Scientific Research at King Khalid University for funding this work through research groups program under grant no. RGP.2/38/42.