Evolution of Deep Neural Network Architecture Using Particle Swarm Optimization to Improve the Performance in Determining the Friction Angle of Soil

Table 11

Comparison with previous studies.

Author	Model	Parameter	Number of samples	R	R^2	RMSE (^o)	MAE (^o)
Khanlari et al. [60]	ANN	Internal friction angle	200	0.89	0.792	2.26	1.92
	MVR			0.89	0.79	2.385	1.929
Mohammadi et al. [61]	MLP	Internal friction angle	108	0.902	0.814	9.285	6.137
	MLR			0.719	0.517	5.082	3.954
Iyeke et al. [62]	ANN	Internal friction angle	83	0.897	0.805	4.77	4.34
Present study	DNN	Internal friction angle	245	0.958	0.918	1.936	1.425
	PSO-DNN			0.967	0.935	1.77	1.34