| Application | Problem | Algorithm | Reference |
| Scheduling | Flow shop scheduling | SS, MOSS, MSS hybrid SS | [66–72] | Project scheduling | Hybrid SS | [73, 74] | Home-care scheduling | SS | [75] | Course timetabling | SS | [76] | Exam timetabling | SS, hybrid SS, parallel SS | [77–81] |
| Data Mining | Feature selection | Parallel SS, hybrid SS | [82–84] | Credit card fraud detection | Hybrid SS | [85] |
| Healthcare | Protein structure prediction | SS | [86, 87] | Nurse rostering problem | SS | [88, 89] | System biology | SS | [90] | Image processing | Image registration | SS | [91–93] | Industrial engineering | Vehicle routing problem | SS, hybrid SS | [94–102] | | Facility layout problem | SS | [103–105] | Territory design problem | SS, MOSS | [106, 107] | Assembling/dissembling sequence problem | SS, MOSS | [108–112] | Knapsack problem | SS, hybrid SS | [113–116] |
| Electrical engineering | Economic load dispatch | SS, MOSS | [117, 118] | Power distribution | SS | [119] |
| Bioinformatics | DNA sequencing | Hybrid SS | [120] | Gene expression | SS | [121] | Chemical process optimization | SS | [122] |
| Networking | Routing problem | SS, hybrid SS | [123–125] | Network planning problem | SS | [126–129] |
| Software engineering | Software testing | SS | [130–133] | Software configuration | SS | [134, 135] |
| Mechanical engineering | Manufacturing system | SS, hybrid SS | [136–138] | Design problem | SS | [139–143] | Fault detection | MOSS | [144] |
| Civil engineering | High toll identification | SS | [145] | Space allocation problem | ISS, hybrid SS | [146, 147] | Runway operation | Hybrid SS | [148] |
| Engineering optimization | Linear ordering problem | SS | [149, 150] | Graph coloring problem | SS | [151] | Quadratic assignment problem | SS | [152] | p-median problem | Parallel SS | [153] | Permutation problem | Hybrid SS | [154] | Regret location problem | Parallel SS | [155] | SAT problem | SS, hybrid SS | [156, 157] | Clique problem | SS | [158] | Nonlinear optimization process | SS | [159–161] |
| Miscellaneous | BDDs minimization | SS | [162] | Craniofacial superimposition | SS | [163] | Joint replenishment | SS | [164] | Kinetic models of biochemical | SS | [165] | Cockpit crew rostering | Hybrid SS | [166, 167] | E-mail spam detection | Hybrid SS | [168] | Subset reduction | Hybrid SS | [169] |
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