A Novel Hybrid MCDM Model for the Evaluation of Sustainable Last Mile Solutions

Table 1

Review of CL initiatives, concepts, and technologies.

Initiative/technology/concept	Type	Literature
Cooperation	—	[72, 73]
Consolidation	Urban consolidation centers	[69, 70, 74–76]
	Microconsolidation	[77, 78]
Crowdsourcing	—	[79–86]
Inland waterway transport	—	[87–90]
Rail transport	Regular tram lines	[91–93]
	Integrated rail systems	[94]
	Cargo-hitching	[95, 96]
Parcel lockers	—	[71, 97–100]
Eco-vehicles	Electric	[101]
	Hydrogen	[102]
	Hybrid	[103]
	Cargo bicycles	[104–107]
	Cargo bikes	[108, 109]
	Scooters	[110]
	Rickshaws	[111]
Autonomous vehicles	Ground autonomous vehicles	[112–115]
	Aerial autonomous vehicles (drones)	[66, 112, 116–123]
Underground logistics systems	—	[124–129]