Abstract
In soliton theory, the dynamics of solitary wave solutions may play a crucial role in the fields of mathematical physics, plasma physics, biology, fluid dynamics, nonlinear optics, condensed matter physics, and many others. The main concern of this present article is to obtain symmetry reductions and some new explicit exact solutions of the (2 + 1)-dimensional Sharma–Tasso–Olver (STO) equation by using the Lie symmetry analysis method. The infinitesimals for the STO equation were achieved under the invariance criteria of Lie groups. Then, the two stages of symmetry reductions of the governing equation are obtained with the help of an optimal system. Meanwhile, this Lie symmetry method will reduce the STO equation into new partial differential equations (PDEs) which contain a lesser number of independent variables. Based on numerical simulation, the dynamical characteristics of the solitary wave solutions illustrate multiple-front wave profiles, solitary wave solutions, kink wave solitons, oscillating periodic solitons, and annihilation of parabolic wave structures via 3D plots.
1. Introduction
Most of the physical problems are inherently nonlinear because of their nature. These types of nonlinear problems are of much interest to engineers, mathematicians, physicists, and many other researchers because of their physical applications in scientific areas such as engineering, biology, theoretical physics, plasma physics, and condensed matter physics (see [1]). To predict the possible behaviors of physical phenomena, exact solutions of these nonlinear PDEs are very important. The various types of rational solutions were investigated by analytical and numerical methods such as the Lie symmetry method [2, 3], homogeneous balance method [4], tanh function method [5], Hirota bilinear method [6], Backlund transformation method [7], Darboux transformation method [8], the truncated Painleve expansion [9], and F-expansion method [10]. In solitary wave theory, a large variety of traveling waves are of much concern. Some important traveling waves are the kink waves and the solitons. The kink waves fall or rise from one asymptotic state to others, and the latter is the localized traveling waves which are asymptotically zero at large distances. Some potential applications of these wave solutions may be found in coastal areas and open oceans.
The (1 + 1)-dimensional STO equation is of the formwhere is some constant and the dissipative term provides damping of a small scale. A lot of researchers worked on the STO equation (1) due to its huge appearance in scientific applications. The STO equation is similar to the KdV equation and has been used to describe a wide range of physical phenomena of the evolution and interaction with the nonlinear waves, such as solitons and turbulence, fluid dynamics, continuum mechanics, and aerodynamics. The STO equation can also be used to describe how do nonlinear dispersive waves propagate in inhomogeneous media. It possesses the bi-Hamiltonian formulation and an infinite number of symmetries. Different nonlinear waves are described by the exact solutions for (1) with different forms. The generalized Kaup–Newell-type hierarchy of nonlinear evolution equations is related to the Sharma–Tasso–Olver equation from [11]. A large number of integrability properties of (1) are achieved in [12, 13]. In [14], equation (1) was managed by Yan using the Cole–Hopf transformation method. By considering the improved tanh function method, fission and fusion for the Sharma–Tasso–Olver equation have some exact solutions in [15]. In ref. [16–18], some powerful techniques such as the Hirota direct method, extended hyperbolic function method, and Backlund transformation method are used for finding the explicit solutions of (1), respectively. Also, this equation was managed by using the tanh method and the extended tanh method (see [16]).
This research aims to find the exact-soliton solutions of (2 + 1)-dimensional STO equation. It is well known that the (2 + 1)-dimensional KP equation is an extended version of (1 + 1)-dimensional Korteweg–de Vries (KdV) equation. Analogously, (2 + 1)-dimensional STO equation is an extended version of (1 + 1)-dimensional STO equation. The extended form of (2 + 1)-dimensional STO equation is introduced in [19], which is accomplished by adding a new term in (1 + 1)-dimensional STO equation (1)where and are two arbitrary constants and the unknown function depends on the spatial variables , and temporal variable . This equation encloses both nonlinear and linear terms. Using the tanh function method, the traveling wave solution of STO equation (2) is found aswhere and are arbitrary constants. Here, we will solve a new -dimensional equation using the similarity transformation method. Felix Klein (1849–1925) and M. Sophus Lie (1842–1899) introduced this method to construct integration theory for ODEs. For further details, one can refer to textbooks [20, 21] or some articles [3, 22–27] as well as references therein. During this process, some variable transformations take place, which is used to obtain new solutions from the existing ones using differential operators, called the generators of the symmetry group. With the help of similarity forms, STM reduces the number of independent variables of the original PDE by one. As a result, the equation was reduced into a nonlinear PDE having one less independent variable. In the same way, one can reduce this nonlinear PDE into nonlinear ODE by reducing one independent variable, which can be solved mathematically.
Being motivated by the aforementioned references/works, we would like to study to construct the explicit exact-soliton solutions by using the Lie symmetry approach. Besides, we derive various Lie symmetry reductions and localized solitary wave solutions for the considered equation. Recently, Ben and Ma [19] investigated (2 + 1)-dimensional STO equation and found some rational solutions using the resulting trilinear form. Our analytic results in this paper are more general in terms of independent functions and entirely different from their works/findings. Furthermore, the physical behaviors of the soliton solutions are demonstrated through their evolution profiles.
The remaining manuscript is structured as follows. In Section 1, we discuss various algorithms for solving the STO equation and a new form of the equation by adding one term . The Lie symmetries, vector fields, infinitesimals, and an optimal system of one-dimensional subalgebra for the STO equation are depicted in Section 2. In Section 3, Lie symmetry reductions and analytical wave solutions are furnished. The dynamical analysis of attained soliton solutions is analyzed physically in Section 4. Lastly, a conclusion is drawn in Section 5.
2. Lie Symmetry Analysis
The motive of this present section is to describe the main steps used in obtaining the infinitesimal, Lie symmetries, and optimal system of one-dimensional subalgebra for STO equation (2). To find the invariant solutions of (2), the STM is applied. Since equation (2) is highly nonlinear, therefore to solve equation (2), we need to introduce one parameter Lie group of infinitesimals transformation aswhere the infinitesimals , , , and are the infinitesimals transformations for , , , and , respectively. The linked vector field V with the above group of transformation is defined aswhere the obtained functions , , , and are found under the constraint:
If equation (2) is symmetrical about the vector field (5), then must fulfill the conditionwhere represents the fourth-order prolongation and is given by [21]
Applying the above prolongation formula to (2) under invariance condition, the symmetry condition iswhereare the coefficients of and , , and are total derivative operators that can be expressed as in [28].
Using (10) and (9), then the determining equations
On solving equation (12), we obtain infinitesimal generators aswhere are arbitrary constants and and are functions obtained in the processing of infinitesimals. The choice of can achieve some physical structures of solutions of equation (2). The symmetry algebra of equation (2) can be obtained by the given vectorssuch that .
It has been noted from the commutative relations of vector fields that the Lie group of transformations formed an infinite-dimensional Lie algebra with functions and and its commutation table (Table 1) is skew-symmetric with each diagonal entry zero.
The Lie series to calculate the adjoint relation is furnished as
Furthermore, an optimal system of one-dimensional subalgebra is achieved by means of Olver’s technique [21]. The desired optimal system for STO equation (2) is obtained by using adjoint table (Table 2). Following is the given one-dimensional subalgebras for STO equation (2):
3. Symmetry Reductions and Explicit Solutions
In this section, we will construct some exact-soliton solutions with the aid of 1-dimensional optimal system of symmetry subalgebras. To achieve exact-invariant solutions for the considered equation (2), the corresponding Lagrange’s system is chosen as
3.1. Subalgebra
Using vector field , equation (2) is turned intowhere and , .
Since equation (18) is also a nonlinear PDE and contains one dependent and two independent variables, we will again apply STM on this equation to construct new infinitesimal generators of the formwhere are arbitrary constants and is an arbitrary function. Then, the required characteristic equation is
On solving equation (20), we get the following similarity formwhere . By using (21) into (18), then reduced form of ODE iswhich on integration giveswhere is constant of integration and represents the derivative of w.r.t . One of the particular solutions of equation (23) iswhere .
Hence, the exact explicit solution of equation (2) is given as
3.2. Subalgebra
For , equation (2) is converted intowhere with , . Again applying STM on equation (26), obtained form of infinitesimals iswhere , , , and are constants. Then, the associated Lagrange’s system is found as
On solving equation (28), we get a new similarity form of aswith as a similarity variable. By using equation (29) into (26), we get an ODE of the form
Since equation (30) is tedious nonlinear ODE, therefore by taking in equation (30), we attain one particular solution of the typewhere and are arbitrary constants. Thus, the explicit exact solution for STO equation (2) is
3.3. Subalgebra
Using vector field , equation (2) is transformed intowith and , . The invariant solution of PDE (33) is
Therefore, the explicit exact solution of STO equation (2) is
3.4. Subalgebra
Using , then, symmetry reduction is easily obtained aswhere with , . Thus, reduced PDE has the solution
Thus, leading analytic solution for the STO equation is
3.5. Subalgebra
Using (13) and (17), we will get the following Lagrange system:
It follows the similarity form aswhereare similarity variables with as a similarity function. Insert the above value of from (40) into STO equation (2). Then, the reduced equation is given as
Again applying STM, equation (42) admits infinitesimals aswhere are arbitrary constants.
3.5.1. If in Equation (43)
Then, the characteristic equation is as follows:where and . Integration of equation (44) yields the following form of where . Using (45) into (42), we get an ODE as
The solution of ODE (46) is given aswhere and are integrating constants. On comparing equations (40), (45), and (47), the explicit solution for equation (2) is obtained as
Taking the appropriate choice of and = in equation (47), we get
Thus, from equations (40), (45), and (49), the leading solution is of the form
3.5.2. If in Equation (43)
Then, from (43), the Lagrange equation takes the form
Therefore, the similarity form iswhere and are the similarity variable and similarity function, respectively. Substituting equation (52) in (42), one gets the following ODE:
On solving equation (53),where and are called integrating constants. From (40), (52), and (54), we will obtain the analytic solution of the STO equation
3.6. Subalgebra
The required characteristic equation is
Solution of (56) predicts the similarity functionwith similarity variables = and = . Incorporating equation (57) into equation (2) yields a PDE of the form
By applying the STM on (58), we get a new set of infinitesimals aswhere are arbitrary constants. The Lagrange form for (59) reads
3.6.1. If in Equation (59)
Then, we havewhere . To get the solution of (2), the new similarity form of (61) iswith as the similarity variable. Using the value of (62) into (58), we get an ODE of the form
Integration of (63) provideswhere is constant of integration. It is clearly seen that equation (64) is difficult to solve.
3.6.2. If in Equation (59)
Then, given characteristic equation is
It follows the similarity form aswhere . From equations (66) and (58), we obtain the ODE as
By setting the particular values of arbitrary constants as , , , , , , and , the reduced form of ODE iswhich on integration giveswhere is constant of integration. One of the particular solutions of equation (69) is found aswhere is an arbitrary constant. Thus, the explicit exact solution of (2) is given as
3.6.3. If and
Then, Lagrange equation iswhich on solving proposes the following form of :where = . Substituting the value of (73) into (58), we get ODE as
The solution of this ODE iswhere and are arbitrary constants. Thus, from equations (75), (73), and (57), the analytic exact solution of (2) can be furnished as
4. Analysis and Discussion
In the present section, a discussion about graphical structures of solutions is carried out. Since mathematical expressions do not produce the wave propagation of flow, we need physical as well as dynamical analysis of these solutions. Here, explicit analytic solutions of the STO equation (2) has been given by equations (3), (25), (32), (35), (38), (48), (50), (55), (71), and (76). All the obtained solutions contain arbitrary functions as well as constants. Therefore, by taking the adequate adjustment of these functions and constants, then we have analyzed the dynamical characteristics of obtained results in the following manner.
Figure 1 represents the physical nature of solution (3) with time. Kink nature of the solution is obtained by taking the values of constants as , , , and . This profile is traced at , for , . The kink solution is a localized solution, i.e., tends to a finite number when . It was observed by numerical simulation that the behavior of exiting wave depends on time variation. It turns into single solitons at and is then annihilated after .
(a)
(b)
Figure 2 demonstrates periodic solitary wave profiles of given by equation (35). The choice of arbitrary functions is taken as = , = , = , and arbitrary constants as , , and for space range , . In Figure 2(b), the corresponding 3D plot is shown for . It was observed that periodicity decreases as the value of increases. This nonlinear behavior of soliton solution generally reveals the intersection of Riemann wave and long wave.
(a)
(b)
Figure 3 interprets the multiple-front solitary wave solution profile of given by equation (38) at , for range , . The choice of arbitrary functions is taken as = , , , and parameter . Initially, wave profile reveals curve-front wave nature of solution which gets converted into plane-front wave as increases.
(a)
(b)
Figure 4 shows the parabolic profile for the solution given by equation (48). Solution profile is observed at , for , , and the values of arbitrary constants are taken as , , , , , , , , , , and , and the choice of arbitrary functions is taken as = and . The nonlinearity of solution (48) is annihilated at . This parabolic profile of solution can be utilized in making the design of ballistic missiles.
(a)
(b)
Figure 5 is plotted between spatial and temporal axes which represent the asymptotic wave profile for solution (50) and is illustrated at , for , . The values of constants are taken as , , , , , , , , and , and those of functions are taken as and = .
(a)
(b)
5. Conclusion
In this research work, we have obtained some closed-form explicit solutions for the -dimensional Sharma–Tasso–Olver (STO) equation by means of Lie approach, which are given by equations (3), (25), (32), (35), (38), (48), (50), (55), (71), and (76). These achieved solutions are entirely distinct from the earlier findings [19]. Also, these reported results are revealed to be more general because it contains arbitrary constants and independent functions , , , and . All the generated results are analyzed physically through Figures 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 which shows parabolic, periodic solitary waves, oscillating traveling waves, kink wave profiles, etc. The dynamics of solitary wave profiles are vividly exhibited via Mathematica. This research shows that the Lie transformation method can be extended for obtaining explicit exact-analytic solutions of many other NLEEs that are emerging in optical physics, plasma physics, chemical physics, acoustics, etc. In summary, the proficient Lie symmetry technique that we implemented is robust, competent, and efficient to solve analytically.
Data Availability
All data used to support the findings of this study are included within the article.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this paper.