Role of Different Pfcrt and Pfmdr-1 Mutations in Conferring Resistance to Antimalaria Drugs in Plasmodium falciparum

Table 5

List of some famous mutations in pfcrt in foci far from 72 to 76 regions along with their geographic distribution, effect on channel physiochemical properties, and their impact on the phenotype of the parasite toward chloroquine resistance.

Mutation	Geographic distribution	Effect on channel negativity	Effect on side chain volume	Effect on the channel lipophilicity	Overall effect on chloroquine resistance and VPL induced reversal of CQ resistance
H97Q	Only in TM90-6CB, the Thai CQ resistant strain	Increase		No effect	Imparts for higher CQ resistance without affecting VPL binding
A220S	All CQ resistant strains	Increase		Decrease	Impart for non-VPL reversible CQ resistance
Q271E	Old World CQ resistant strains and the CQ susceptible strains derived from KH1 strain	Increase			Imparts for higher CQ resistance without affecting VPL binding
N326S	Old World CQ resistant strains and the CQ susceptible strains derived from KH1 strain			Increase	Imparts for reversibility of CQ resistance by VPL
I356T	Some CQ resistant strains in Southeast Asia, namely, Dd2, BC7, BC22, KS28, and 738	Increase	Decrease	Decrease	Impart for non-VPL reversible CQ resistance (it explains why VPL reversibility is higher in K1 rather than in Dd2)
I356L	New World CQ resistant strains	Little increase		Little increase	Imparts for higher CQ resistance and VPL induced reversibility of CQ resistance
R371	Old World CQ resistant strains and the CQ susceptible strains derived from KH1 strain			Increase	Impart for VPL induced reversibility of CQ resistance