Development of a Dynamic Virtual Reality Model of the Inner Ear Sensory System as a Learning and Demonstrating Tool

Table 1

Model parameters of the sensors (Rabbitt [7], Grant et al. [18]).

𝐦	Endolymph mass within the horizontal canal	1070g/cm^4
𝐜	Viscous coefficient within the horizontal canal	179000g⋅s^−1⋅cm^−4
𝐤	Cupula stiffness	1.33 GPa/m^3
𝐝	Inertial forcing coefficient	0.76 g/cm
𝜏1𝐜	Slow time constant of the horizontal semicircular canal	13.2 s
𝜏2𝐜	Fast time constant of the horizontal semicircular canal	0.006 s
𝜌	Endolymph density	1 g/cm^3
𝐐	Endolymph volume displacement	cm^3
𝐐𝐜	Cupula volume displacement	cm^3
𝜌0	Otoconial layer density	1.35 g/cm^3
𝐦0	Otoconial layer mass	g
𝐜0	Drag coefficient associated with the endolymph and gel layer	g⋅s^−1⋅cm^−4
𝐤0	Stiffness coefficient associated with the gel layer	GPa/m^3
𝜏1oto	Slow time constant of the otolith organs	120 ms
𝜏2oto	Fast time constant of the otolith organs	𝟒𝝁𝐬
𝐠	Gravity	9.81 m/s^2
Ω̇	Head angular velocity	rad/s
Ω̈	Head angular acceleration	rad/s^2
𝐮	Otoconial displacement	m
𝐬𝐟	Gravitoinertial acceleration in the plane of the organ, equal to 𝐧⋅(𝐠−𝐀)	m/s^2
𝐀	Inertial acceleration of the head	m/s^2