New Theories on Boundary Layer Transition and Turbulence Formation

<table class="table-group" width="800px"><tr class="fig-image" id="a"><td><img alt="619419.fig.0025a" src="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/mse/volume-2012/619419/figures/619419.fig.0025a.jpg"/></td></tr><tr class="fig-caption"><td align="center"><table><tr><td><b>(a) </b><svg height="14.475" id="M95" style="vertical-align:-3.13504pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 14.675 14.475" width="14.675" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
<g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.475)">
<g transform="translate(72,-60.42)">
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.6)">
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0">𝜆</tspan>
</text>
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-65.19,60.47)">
<tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0">2</tspan>
</text>
</g>
</g>
</svg> isosurfaces </td></tr></table></td></tr><tr class="fig-image" id="b"><td><img alt="619419.fig.0025b" src="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/mse/volume-2012/619419/figures/619419.fig.0025b.jpg"/></td></tr><tr class="fig-caption"><td align="center"><table><tr><td><b>(b) </b>Contour of velocity perturbation</td></tr></table></td></tr></table>

<table>Visualization of isosurface  <svg height="14.475" id="M90" style="vertical-align:-3.13504pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 14.675 14.475" width="14.675" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
<g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.475)">
<g transform="translate(72,-60.42)">
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.6)">
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0">𝜆</tspan>
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<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-65.19,60.47)">
<tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0">2</tspan>
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</g>
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</svg> and velocity perturbation at <svg height="11.1" id="M91" style="vertical-align:-0.17555pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 78.900002 11.1" width="78.900002" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
<g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,11.1)">
<g transform="translate(72,-63.12)">
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.35)">
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0">𝑥</tspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="10.339981" y="0">=</tspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="22.380369" y="0">5</tspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="28.63187" y="0">0</tspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="34.883369" y="0">8</tspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="41.134869" y="0">.</tspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="44.26062" y="0">6</tspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="50.512119" y="0">3</tspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="56.763618" y="0">3</tspan>
</text>
</g>
</g>
</svg> for (<svg height="10.325" id="M92" style="vertical-align:-0.0pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 11.6125 10.325" width="11.6125" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
<g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.325)">
<g transform="translate(72,-63.74)">
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)">
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0">𝑌</tspan>
</text>
</g>
</g>
</svg>, <svg height="10.325" id="M93" style="vertical-align:-0.0pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 13.2875 10.325" width="13.2875" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
<g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.325)">
<g transform="translate(72,-63.74)">
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.79)">
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0">𝑍</tspan>
</text>
</g>
</g>
</svg>)-Plane  <svg height="11.1" id="M94" style="vertical-align:-0.17555pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 51.125 11.1" width="51.125" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
<g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,11.1)">
<g transform="translate(72,-63.12)">
<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.35)">
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0">𝑡</tspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="7.37677" y="0">=</tspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="19.417158" y="0">1</tspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="25.668659" y="0">5</tspan>
<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="31.920158" y="0">𝑇</tspan>
</text>
</g>
</g>
</svg>. </table>

Modelling and Simulation in Engineering

New Theories on Boundary Layer Transition and Turbulence Formation

Figure 25