Modeling the Dynamic Failure of Railroad Tank Cars Using a Physically Motivated Internal State Variable Plasticity/Damage Nonlocal Model

<table>Comparison of the damage distribution of a double-notched edge specimen numerical tensile tests using the local BCJ model for two different mesh sizes, coarse (a) and fine (b) meshes. Note the localization of the damage in a layer of width one element size for the two meshes. </table>

Modelling and Simulation in Engineering

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Figure 2

Figure 2: Modeling the Dynamic Failure of Railroad Tank Cars Using a Physically Motivated Internal State Variable Plasticity/Damage Nonlocal Model 