Research Article

Modeling the Dynamic Failure of Railroad Tank Cars Using a Physically Motivated Internal State Variable Plasticity/Damage Nonlocal Model

Figure 7

An illustration of the mesh size effects in the FE simulations of hazmat tank car using the local BCJ model. The figures show the damage pattern on the inner surface of the tank located behind the impact region for a coarse (a), medium (b) and fine (c) mesh at the same time. Note the reduction of the damage pattern size with decreasing mesh element size.
815158.fig.007a
(a)
815158.fig.007b
(b)
815158.fig.007c
(c)