Modeling the Dynamic Failure of Railroad Tank Cars Using a Physically Motivated Internal State Variable Plasticity/Damage Nonlocal Model
Figure 9
An illustration of the introduction of nonlocal damage effects in the BCJ model to reduce the mesh size effects in the FE simulations of hazmat tank car. The contour plots of the damage on the inner face of the tank are shown for three different meshes at the same time as in Figure 7: coarse (a), medium (b), and fine (c). Note the quasisimilarity of the damage pattern size for the three meshes.
