Abstract
This paper presents welding torch pose model and interpolation algorithm of trajectory control of saddle-shaped weld formed by intersection of two pipes; the working principle, interpolation algorithm, welding experiment, and simulation result of the automatic welding system of the saddle-shaped weld are described. A variable angle interpolation method is used to control the trajectory and pose of the welding torch, which guarantees the constant linear terminal velocity. The mathematical model of the trajectory and pose of welding torch are established. Simulation and experiment have been carried out to verify the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm and mathematical model. The results demonstrate that the interpolation algorithm is well within the interpolation requirements of the saddle-shaped weld and ideal feed rate stability.
1. Introduction
In the production of pressure vessels, the welding problem between the cylinder and the pipe is often encountered, and sometimes a pressure vessel needs to weld dozens or even hundreds of pipes. In the project, the intersecting line, called the three-dimensional standard saddle-shaped weld, is formed by the combination of two orthogonal cylinders. Also, according to the different groove form, the multilayer continuous welding is required [1, 2]. Saddle-shaped weld is a complex space curve. In order to complete the welding work of the saddle seam, manual welding operation is still widely adopted. However, by doing this the welding quality and efficiency requirements are uncertain. Thus, the automation of the welding process is greatly significant.
With the development of automatic welding system, obvious progress has been made in recent years. According to the welding process of saddle seam, there are two ways to build the automated welding system. One is to equip welding robots in their welding system; the other is to develop specially designed automated welding system. One of the most promising ways is to adopt proper curve interpolation algorithm in automated welding system [3]. Huo et al. [4] presented a real-time interpolation algorithm, which fits the intersecting curve with step-controllable segments. Ren et al. [5] established a geometrical model of the interpolation pipe’s weld seam and integrated the posture of the welding torch. Zhiming et al. [6] presented a real-time interpolation algorithm for NURBS curves; the proposed interpolator can maintain small contour errors and feed rate fluctuations. Real-time nonuniform rational B-spline interpolation algorithms were also introduced [7–9]. Tam et al. [10] proposed an algorithm for the interpolation of hybrid curves, based on interpolation of the projection of the hybrid curve into the parametric domain. Srijuntongsiri [11] proposed a new iterative hybrid algorithm to detect all intersections in the domain for nondegenerate and non-ill-posed cases. Direct interpolation algorithms [12, 13] do not have satisfied linear velocity control ability because welding quality is very sensitive. Only interpolation algorithm with ideal trajectory precision and linear velocity control ability can meet requirements of welding.
In this paper, a spatial interpolation algorithm for the saddle-shaped curve is proposed by using the variable angle interpolation control method for the interpolation stepping angle and establishes welding torch pose model and trajectory model based on space analytic geometry. Simulation of the interpolation algorithm has been carried out to verify the correctness of the proposed algorithm and mathematical model. It demonstrates that algorithm has high trajectory precision and the mathematical model meets the requirements of welding.
2. Working Principle of Welding Machine
In this paper, the typical saddle-shaped weld is formed by the combination of two orthogonal cylinders and the pipe is taken as an example to illustrate the working principle of the saddle-shaped welding system, as shown in Figure 1. The coordinate system - is established by the intersection of the cylinder and the axis of the pipe, selecting the saddle-shaped weld left side of the highest point as the starting point of welding. The - and -axis two directions are driven by the entire welding system to achieve rotary motion. The -axis direction is driven by the torch to achieve up and down reciprocating motion, which is also as a compensation movement to achieve saddle drop compensation. At the same time, the upper and lower movement of the output end are installed with angle adjustment mechanism; the welding torch is adjusted in real time with the rotary motion.
According to the characteristic that this kind of weld joint in the horizontal surface is round, based on the two-dimensional plane circular interpolation algorithm, the interpolation of saddle space weld can be decomposed into two two-dimensional interpolations [4]. The first interpolation is the -axis vertical direction interpolation, and the second interpolation is an interpolation of horizontal rotation angel [14, 15].
3. Research of Saddle-Shaped Weld Interpolation Algorithm
Given that the radius of the cylinder is and the radius of the pipe is , the projection of the saddle-shaped weld in the plane is shown as in Figure 2, being the angle parameter that can uniquely determine the pose of the point on the saddle-shaped space curve.
3.1. The Circular Interpolation
Let point and be the current and next interpolation point on the saddle weld and the angle of the -axis, respectively; and be the angles between the two points for the , , and the coordinates of the point are
So the coordinates of can be expressed as
When , then continue interpolating; when , to amend the last step , there will be an interpolation stepping ; then, .
So the new position of the interpolation point projected in the plane can be expressed aswhere is the current angle, is the angle of the next point, and is the added value of the angle.
Based on the principle of space analytic geometry, we have
To solve (4),
From (3) and (6), we also have
3.2. Welding Torch Posture Interpolation
Choose a point in the saddle-shaped weld; dihedral angle of the point on saddle weld is the angle between the cylinder’s tangent plane through this point and the pipe’s tangent plane. Dihedral angle is not equal at different points on saddle weld. Therefore, is the dihedral angle of point on saddle weld (Figure 3). As can be seen from Figure 3, the diagonal angle at the starting point is and the initial pose angle is (regular angle of welding torch’s pose).
Based on the principle of space analytic geometry, the equations of the cylinder and the pipes are given as
Then the normal vectors and at point are defined as
Geometry is defined as
It can be seen from Figure 3 that although dihedral angles of point on saddle weld differ from each other, they all have certain relationship with pose angle. As the rotation axis rotates from point to point , the dihedral angle changes from the original to , and pose angle is supposed to change in order to meet pose angle requirements. So expression of dihedral angle is as follows: .
Put formula (11) into it; then
After the rotation angle changes from to , according to (3), (7) and (12) can calculate the coordinates of the new interpolation point . Selecting the appropriate , one can obtain interpolation saddle weld by providing the cylinder and the pipe radius , , welding torch starting pose angle .
3.3. Control Law of Variable Angle
The control of the interpolation stepping angle is divided into equal angle interpolation and variable angle interpolation. Equal angle interpolation mode is to keep the stepping angle constant, and actual welding linear velocity of welding torch is not constant, affecting the quality of welding. Variable angle interpolation is to make every step interpolation stepping angle with to make a change. In the fixed conditions, welding linear velocity is constant and each step of the interpolation stepping-length will be equal, to ensure the welding of high quality.
Select a point on the saddle-shaped weld; according to kinematics principle, linear velocity direction of the point is direction vector of intersection line of two intersection’s tangent planes at point (Figure 5). Suppose linear velocity of welding torch is , interpolation cycle is , and the angle between the -axis and linear velocity is (shown in Figure 4).
As can be seen from Figure 4,
Set the coordinates of the point .
The tangent plane equation of the cylinder at the point is expressed as
And then
Similarly the tangent plane equation of the pipe at the point is expressed as
Equations of intersection line of two tangent plans are
The two points and are on the intersection line of two tangent planes, and the direction vector of the tangent line equation is calculated as
The direction vector of the -axis is ; one can get following equation:
Then
And because of the point in the saddle-shaped space curve, according to (3), we have
From (24), interpolation step angle changes in real time with the change of to ensure that practical linear velocity of the welding torch is kept constant so as to meet the requirement of the welding process.
4. Simulation Results
In order to verify the correctness of the mathematical model and algorithm, using programming takes simulation experiment, taking orthogonal saddle welding, for example, assume that practical welding parameters are as follows: the radius of cylinder mm, the radius of pipe mm, the starting pose angle , and s. MATLAB simulation results are shown in Figures 6–11. The interpolation data of and by algorithm are shown in Table 1.
5. Welding Experiment
According to the welding process of the saddle weld, the main parameters of the welding experiment are listed in Table 2. The photograph of the saddle seam surface is shown in Figures 12 and 13.
Correct saddle seam is reflected in the photos, which verify the feasibility of the interpolation algorithm.
6. Conclusions
According to the welding technology of saddle seam, the working principle of auto-welding machine for saddle-shaped weld is proposed, and the mathematical model and interpolation algorithm of saddle-shaped weld are established.
The interpolation algorithm can well meet the technical requirement of automatic welding and can achieve trajectory control of welding of saddle-shaped weld and can also achieve control of welding torch’s pose, to ensure better welding conditions.
A variable angle interpolation method is used for real-time change interpolation stepping angle and to guarantee that practical linear velocity of the welding torch is kept constant and improve the quality of the weld seam.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this paper.
Acknowledgments
This research was supported by Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps Science and Technology Research and Achievement Transformation Project under Grant no. 2016AB004.