Association between Smoking and Health Outcomes in Postmenopausal Women Living with Multiple Sclerosis

Table 4

Association between smoking status and change in menopausal symptoms over 3 years among postmenopausal women with multiple sclerosis in the Women’s Health Initiative Observational Study.

Exposure	ΔMenopausal symptoms; (3-year baseline)
	Mean change; (standard deviation)	β-Coefficient
		Crude	Adjusted^1 (95% confidence interval)
Smoking history
Never smokers	0.15 (1.5)	Ref.	Ref.
Ever smokers	0.07 (1.3)	−0.07	−0.06; (−0.5 to 0.4)
Former smokers	0.06 (1.3)	−0.12	−0.09; (−0.9 to 0.7)
Current smokers	0.17 (1.5)	0.03	0.01; (−0.8 to 0.9)
Age started smoking (years)
<20	0.08 (1.5)	0.37	0.55; (−0.8 to 1.9)
20 to 24	0.00 (0.9)	0.25	0.37; (−1.1 to 1.8)
25 or older	−0.25 (1.4)	Ref.	Ref.
Cigarettes smoked (per day)
<15	0.12 (1.1)	Ref.	Ref.
15 or more	0.03 (1.6)	−0.09	−0.09; (−0.7 to 0.5)
Years smoked regularly
<30	0.03 (1.2)	Ref.	Ref.
30 or more	0.14 (1.6)	0.11	0.10; (−0.6 to 0.7)
Number of smoking pack-years
<10	0.09 (1.4)	Ref.	Ref.
10 to 29	0.25 (1.2)	0.12	0.07; (−0.6 to 0.7)
30 or more	−0.12 (1.7)	−0.99	−0.87; (−1.9 to −0.1)
Age quit smoking (years)
<40	0.12 (1.2)	Ref.	Ref.
40 or older	0.03 (1.4)	0.05	0.02; (−0.7 to 0.7)

1Adjusted for the following baseline confounders: age, education, race/ethnicity, years since menopause, alcohol use, depression, and body mass index. Bonferroni corrections applied to confidence intervals to adjust for multiple comparisons.