Review Article
Pharmacogenetic Biomarkers to Predict Treatment Response in Multiple Sclerosis: Current and Future Perspectives
Table 1
Major factors affecting drug response in patients.
| Factor | Examples |
| Pharmacokinetic | Absorption, distribution, metabolism, and/or excretion of drugs |
| Pharmacodynamic | Disease state Availability of therapeutic targets, for example, the presence or absence of drug receptors |
| External factors | Environmental chemicals (including smoking) Coadministered drugs |
| Drug | Drug form Dosing frequency Route of administration Drug mechanism of action |
| Physiological | Age, weight, sex, pregnancy, race, and food consumption |
| Pathological | Liver disease Renal disease Malnutrition |
| Patient behavior | Compliance and persistence with drug regimens |
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