The Chemical Featuring, Toxicity, and Antimicrobial Activity of<i> Psidium cattleianum</i> (Myrtaceae) Leaves

Faleiro, José Henrique; Gonçalves, Randys Caldeira; dos Santos, Mara Núbia Guimarães; da Silva, Diego Pereira; Naves, Plínio Lázaro Faleiro; Malafaia, Guilherme

doi:https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/7538613

New Journal of Science

On this page

Abstract Introduction Materials and Methods Results and Discussion Conclusion References Copyright Related Articles

Research Article | Open Access

Volume 2016 | Article ID 7538613 | https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/7538613

The Chemical Featuring, Toxicity, and Antimicrobial Activity of Psidium cattleianum (Myrtaceae) Leaves

José Henrique Faleiro,¹Randys Caldeira Gonçalves,²Mara Núbia Guimarães dos Santos,³Diego Pereira da Silva,²Plínio Lázaro Faleiro Naves,²and Guilherme Malafaia⁴

Academic Editor: Dilara Ogunc

Received16 Apr 2016

Accepted10 Jul 2016

Published17 Aug 2016

Abstract

It is known that the phytochemical identification and assessment of biological effects caused by the constituent species Psidium cattleianum, which belongs to family Myrtaceae, are poorly held in the literature. The aim of the current study is to investigate the composition of secondary metabolites, the toxicity, and the antimicrobial activity of P. cattleianum leaves. The crude ethanolic extract of the plant was obtained through maceration and fractionated with hexane, dichloromethane, and ethyl acetate. The crude ethanol extract and the fractions were subjected to phytochemical screening and tested against the microcrustacean Artemia salina for toxicological assessment. Antimicrobial tests with crude ethanol extract and the fractions were carried out through the agar diffusion method using broth microdilution against Staphylococcus aureus, S. epidermidis, Burkholderia cepacia, and Escherichia coli strains. A variety of secondary metabolite groups such as catechins, steroids, phenolic compounds, flavonoids, and saponins was detected. Regarding toxicity, hexane and dichloromethane fractions were considered nontoxic, whereas the crude ethanol extract and the ethyl acetate fraction showed low toxicity. The crude ethanol extract and the fractions, except for the hexane fraction, showed activity against the tested strains. Therefore, the composition of the secondary metabolites, the low toxicity, and the antimicrobial activity suggest that this species is promising in the search and development of new drugs.

1. Introduction

The human practice of consuming and using natural products to treat, heal, and prevent diseases is ancient and universal. The use of such substances is as old as the history of mankind and plays an important role in the access to basic health care [1, 2].

Traditionally, natural products have been the largest source of new drugs [3, 4]. Over the years, several molecules found in plants that have pharmacological properties allowed discovering remarkable therapeutic innovations to treat different diseases, such as asthma, cancer, hypertension, parasitic diseases, cardiovascular diseases, and microbial infections, and this has significantly improved the quality of life of the population [5–9].

The family Myrtaceae stands out among the several plant families studied in the chemistry of natural products. It is one of the most important plant families found in Brazil due to the large number of fruit species or to pharmacological properties such as analgesic, antimicrobial, antiallergic, antiplasmodial, antioxidant, antidiarrheic, and diabetes control action [10–16]. This family comprises the Psidium cattleianum species, which produces a wild fruit popularly known in Brazil as strawberry guava.

Native Psidium species (Psidium spp.) have attracted great interest of scientific studies in recent years, since their fruits, which are much appreciated for their sensory attributes, show nutritional potential and are rich in vitamins and antioxidants. Such substances show potential in the food and pharmaceutical industries [17, 18]. The folk medicine uses Psidium species for antiseptic purposes: in the treatment of digestive disorders, for antihemorrhagic action, to control blood pressure, as diuretic, and in decoctions in the treatment of diarrhea [19–21].

Some studies have performed the physical, chemical, and antioxidant featuring of guava fruits [22–25]. However, there are few phytochemical-scope studies about the Psidium cattleianum [15] species. It is worth mentioning the study by Alvarenga et al. [15], who analyzed the presence of secondary metabolites in P. cattleianum leaves and corroborated the presence of flavonoids, saponins, cardiac glycosides, anthraquinones, and tannins in the phytochemical screening.

Similarly, studies addressing the antimicrobial potential of P. cattleianum plant extracts are scarce. Medina et al. [19] investigated the antimicrobial potential of P. cattleianum fruit extracts (yellow and red fruit varieties) in different solvents against Salmonella enteritidis (ATCC 13076). Such microorganism was sensitive to P. cattleianum extracts. Brighenti et al. [26] investigated the effect of the aqueous extract from P. cattleianum leaves (red fruit variety) on the Streptococcus mutans biofilm viability. They found that the extract had antimicrobial activity against the biofilm whenever it was used at high concentrations.

Despite these few studies, the literature has not yet shown studies using in vitro toxicity methods that allow comparing and assessing P. cattleianum extracts. The small number of studies focused on the composition of secondary metabolites and on assessing the biological effects of P. cattleianum leaf constituents highlighting the need to expand scientific studies of this nature, in order to help discovering new biologically active compounds with low toxicological potential. Thus, the aim of the current study is to investigate the composition of secondary metabolites, as well as the toxicity and the antimicrobial activity of P. cattleianum leaf constituents (Myrtaceae) (yellow fruit variety).

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Botanical Material Collection, Identification, and Record

The P. cattleianum leaves were collected in a residential backyard located in Pires do Rio County (Goiás State, Brazil). The taxonomic identification was carried out in the Herbarium of the Exact Sciences and Technology Campus at State University of Goiás (CCET/UEG), Anápolis County, Goiás State, Brazil, and registered under number 9203.

2.2. Obtaining the Ethanol Extract and the Fractions

The dried leaves (547,771 g) were crushed and macerated in 95% absolute ethanol (500 mL) for 7 days, at room temperature. The ethanol extract (33.3 g) was dissolved in methanol and water (8 : 2), after solvent removal. Subsequently, it was partitioned with hexane (hexane fraction, 4.1 g), dichloromethane (dichloromethane fraction, 7.2 g), and ethyl acetate (ethyl acetate fraction, 10.6 g). All the samples were concentrated using rotary evaporator under reduced pressure and kept under refrigeration in hermetically sealed vials, until the time they were used in the tests.

2.3. Phytochemical Prospection

The ethanol extract and the fractions were subjected to phytochemical tests, according to the methodology described by Costa [27]. Tests were performed to verify the presence of the following classes of secondary metabolites: (i) saponins (persistent foam); (ii) phenolic compounds (reaction to ferric chloride); (iii) flavonoids (Shinoda reaction); (iv) tannins (reaction to gelatin); (v) steroids (Kedde reaction); (vi) catechins (reaction to hydrochloric acid); (vii) coumarins (reaction to NaOH); (viii) alkaloids (Dragendorff’s reagent); and (ix) polysaccharides (reaction to Lugol).

2.4. Toxicity Test on Artemia salina

The test was performed according to the procedure described by Molinas-Salinas and Said-Fernández [28], with modifications. Sixty milligrams (60 mg) of Artemia salina cysts was incubated in a container containing synthetic seawater medium prepared with dissolved sea salt (40 g·L⁻¹) and supplemented with yeast extract (6 g·L⁻¹). The medium was kept under constant oxygen saturation for 48 hours, at room temperature and under natural light, in order to hatch the cysts.

Toxicity was tested on 96-well polystyrene microplates at P. cattleianum ethanolic extract concentrations of 2400, 600, 150, 37.5, and 9.3 μg·mL⁻¹. The bioassays were performed in triplicate and they were accompanied by negative (using synthetic seawater alone) and positive (using potassium dichromate solution, K₂Cr₂O₇) controls at concentrations of 100, 50, 25, and 12.5 μg·mL⁻¹. The median lethal dose (LD₅₀) was calculated according to the Probit method in the StatPlus 2009 software, at 95% confidence.

The toxicity was classified according to the criterion by Nguta et al. [29], who consider LD₅₀ up to 100 μg·mL⁻¹ as high toxicity values, LD₅₀ between 100 and 500 μg·mL⁻¹ as moderate toxicity values, LD₅₀ between 500 and 1000 μg·mL⁻¹ as low toxicity values, and LD₅₀ above 1000 μg·mL⁻¹ as nontoxic values.

2.5. Assessing the Antimicrobial Activity

The agar diffusion (disc diffusion and well diffusion) and the broth microdilution methods were used to assess the antimicrobial activity of the ethanol extract, as well as that of the fractions, as it was recommended by the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) [30].

The tests were used against standard strains (ATCC, American Type Culture Collection) derived from the stock culture collection of the CCET/UEG Microbiology Laboratory, Anápolis County, Goiás State, Brazil. Four bacterial strains were used, namely, two gram-positive bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 6538) and Staphylococcus epidermidis (ATCC 12228), and two gram-negative bacteria, Burkholderia cepacia (ATCC 17759) and Escherichia coli (ATCC 25312).

The disc diffusion test was performed according to the CLSI [30] recommendations, with modifications. Microorganism suspensions were adjusted to 0.5 in the McFarland scale and seeded on Muller Hinton agar surface. Subsequently, filter paper discs (Whatman, type 3), both sterile and impregnated with 10 μL of the tested compounds at the concentration of 100 mg·mL⁻¹, were distributed in plates. The diameter of the halo (inhibition zone) formed around the discs was read after 24 incubation hours. The antibiotic ampicillin (30 μg/disc) was used as inhibition control.

The well diffusion test was also performed according to the CLSI [30] methodology, with modifications. Approximately, 30 mL of Mueller Hinton agar was spaced in a 15 cm diameter sterile Petri dish, thus resulting in a thin layer on the dish base. The medium became solidified and 10 mL Mueller Hinton agar molten at approximately 45°C with 10% bacterial inoculum standardized to 0.5 of the McFarland scale was poured into the dish containing the solidified agar layer. The new medium became solidified and 6 mm wells were made using the base of 100 μL sterilized tips. A micropipette was used to add 50 μL of the substances to be tested. The antibiotic chloramphenicol (50 μg·mL⁻¹, 10 μL) was used as inhibition control. The plates were incubated at 35°C for 24 hours and, subsequently, the inhibition zone was measured using a millimeter ruler. Student’s -test at 5% significance level was used to compare the values obtained through the agar diffusion techniques (disc diffusion and well diffusion).

The Minimal Inhibitory Concentrations (MIC) of the ethanol extract and its fractions were set through the broth microdilution technique, according to the CLSI [30] protocol, with modifications. In addition, resazurin (7-hydroxy-3H-phenoxazin-3-one 10-oxide) was used as bacterial viability indicator. In short, the tests were performed on Muller Hinton broth contained in a 96-well round bottom microplate. The extract and the fractions were diluted in the broth at the concentrations of 4.8, 2.4, 1.2, 0.6, and 0.3 mg·mL⁻¹. One hundred milliliters (100 mL) of Muller Hinton broth containing the plant extract at the tested concentrations and 10 μL microorganism suspension adjusted to 0.5 of the McFarland scale were placed in each microplate well.

One well was added with 100 μL Muller Hinton broth with 5% DMSO in order to control the solvent. Another well was added with 100 mL plant extract diluted in Muller Hinton broth without bacterial inoculum and it was used as negative control of extract and medium sterility. The plates were covered and incubated in bacteriological incubator at 35°C, for 24 hours.

After the incubation, the resazurin was added to both the test and the control wells in order to identify bacterial growth. The lowest concentration able to inhibit microbial growth was visually determined by observing the resazurin color change after additional incubation for 2 hours: blue, without growth, and pinky, with growth. All the tests were performed in independent triplicate [30].

3. Results and Discussion

3.1. Phytochemical Prospection

Table 1 shows the results of the phytochemical tests performed in P. cattleianum leaves.

The results indicate the presence of important classes of secondary metabolites, which account for several therapeutic properties. The saponins, for instance, have been reported to have anti-inflammatory, sedative, expectorant, diuretic, and analgesic properties and they are widely used as adjuvant in oral and injectable vaccines [31, 32]; the phenolic compounds have been reported to have antioxidant, antiulcerogenic, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer properties [33, 34]. The tannins have been used as antidiarrheic, antiseptic, antimicrobial, healing, and anti-inflammatory substances [35]. The catechins have strong antioxidant action. They inhibit the development of tumors, reduce the body fat, and protect the body against diabetes, heart diseases, and inflammations [36].

The plant sterols stand out for reducing the uptake of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels. Consequently, they prevent the development of coronary heart diseases. In addition, plant sterols have the potential to balance the immune system, to alleviate the causes of autoimmune diseases, and to inhibit the growth of certain types of malignant tumors [37].

Phytochemical investigations of several plants of economic importance are reported in several species of the family Myrtaceae. Silva et al. [38] developed a phytochemical study on Psidium guajava (Guava) and reported the presence of chemical constituents such as tannins, flavonoids, saponins, and triterpenoids.

Souza [39] conducted a phytochemical study on Myrciaria cauliflora (Brazilian grape tree). The author assessed the composition of the classes of secondary metabolites and indicated the presence of flavonoids and tannins. Paula et al. [40] conducted a phytochemical study on Pimenta pseudocaryophyllus leaves and detected the presence of phenolic compounds, tannins, and flavonoids. Fiuza et al. [41] performed the phytochemical screening of Eugenia uniflora (Brazilian cherry) leaves and found steroids, flavonoids, saponins, and tannins.

The phytochemical studies conducted on species belonging to the family Myrtaceae also revealed the absence of alkaloids and coumarins, which is a fact that corroborates the results found in P. cattleianum species. Such results indicate that these metabolites are probably absent in the chemical composition of this botanical family [38, 41].

3.2. Assessing the Toxicity

Table 2 shows the results of the Artemia salina toxicity tests.

According to the reference values set by Nguta et al. [29], the ethanol extract showed low toxicity, the ethyl acetate fraction showed moderate toxicity, and the hexane and dichloromethane fractions showed no toxic effects; thus, they can be well tolerated by the biological systems.

The dose-response ratio obtained through the logarithm of concentration versus mean percentage of microcrustacean mortality is shown in Figures 1 (ethanolic extract) and 2 (ethyl acetate fraction).

The toxic effect on A. salina has shown good correlation with several biological properties in compounds with LD₅₀ < 1000 μg mL⁻¹, such as antifungal [42], antimicrobial [42, 43], antitumor [44–46], and trypanocidal action [47, 48].

Studies conducted with Myrtaceae species reported the toxicity of the hydroalcoholic extract from Psidium guajava (LD₅₀ = 880 μg·mL⁻¹), Syzygium cumini (LD₅₀ = 475 μg·mL⁻¹), and Syzygium aromaticum (LD₅₀ = 20 μg·mL⁻¹) leaves [49], as well as the toxicity of the essential oil from Myrcia myrtifolia (LD₅₀ = 479 μg·mL⁻¹) [50] and of the crude extract from Calycorectes psidiiflorus [51] leaves (LD₅₀ = 186.64 μg·mL⁻¹) and branches (LD₅₀ = 566.24 μg·mL⁻¹) on A. salina. On the other hand, the ethanolic extract from Eugenia uniflora [52] leaves showed no toxicity on A. salina. The survival of 100% Artemia salina in the viability control and the high potassium dichromate toxicity (LD₅₀ = 14.89 μg·mL⁻¹) validate the adequacy of the experimental conditions adopted in the current study.

3.3. Antimicrobial Activity

Table 3 shows the diameters of the growth inhibition zones caused by the substances tested against the bacterial strains.

According to Student’s -test, the studied microorganisms were more sensitive to the well diffusion method than to the disc diffusion method. Such fact shows similarity to the study conducted by Silveira et al. [53], who found that the diameter of the halo formed by the well diffusion technique was greater than that obtained by disc technique, probably due to the higher volume of the compounds used in the first technique.

No bacterial growth inhibition zone was formed in the hexane fraction in any of the agar diffusion methods used in the current study. It is worth highlighting that the absence of antimicrobial activity in the hexane fraction may be related to (i) the resistance or insensitivity of the herein studied microorganisms to the action of chemical components found in this fraction or (ii) the difficult penetration and uniform diffusion of the nonpolar molecules found in the hexane fraction throughout the culture medium.

According to the disc diffusion tests, just the ethanol extract was active for two standard strains (Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis) with 9 mm and 11 mm inhibition zones, respectively, and it was considered partially active, according to the classification by De Almeida Alves et al. [48].

As for the well diffusion method, the substances, except for the hexane fraction, showed antimicrobial activity against all the tested bacteria and the diameter of the inhibition zones formed by the ethanol extract (classified as very active) was slightly higher than that formed by the fractions (classified as active).

In addition, Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis were more sensitive to the ethanol extract (the mean diameter of the inhibition zones was 25 mm) and they were followed by Escherichia coli (22 mm) and Burkholderia cepacia (20 mm).

There are different mechanisms through which secondary metabolites with antimicrobial properties exert action, namely, (i) the disruption or disintegration of cell structures and membranes, (ii) the microbial DNA destruction or inactivation, which inhibits the DNA transcription into messenger RNA as well as the protein synthesis, and (iii) the destabilization of the driving force of protons, the electrons flow, and the selective permeability of the cell membrane [54–56].

Table 4 presents the MIC values of the ethanol extract and that of the fractions.

The studies conducted with the partitions found that the hexane fraction did not inhibit the growth of microorganisms at the studied concentrations, and it may be related to the chemical profile (major compounds) of such fraction. The dichloromethane fraction inhibited the growth of Staphylococcus aureus at the concentration of 4.8 mg·mL⁻¹. The ethyl acetate fraction inhibited the growth of Burkholderia cepacia, Staphylococcus aureus, and Staphylococcus epidermidis at the concentration of 4.8 mg·mL⁻¹ and Escherichia coli at the concentration of 1.2 mg·mL⁻¹. The solvent control (5% DMSO) showed no bacterial growth inhibition.

The antimicrobial activity found in the current study may be associated with the presence of saponins, flavonoids, tannins, and other mixtures in the chemical composition of the studied species, since the literature describes proven antimicrobial activities of these compound classes [2].

Several studies depict the antibacterial activity of genus Psidium, family Myrtaceae, such as Psidium guajava [10, 57–59], Myrciaria cauliflora [60, 61], and Eugenia uniflora [62].

Carvalho et al. [57] used the paper disc diffusion method to analyze the antimicrobial activity of hydroalcoholic extracts from Psidium guajava leaf and stem on gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Shigella spp., Proteus spp., Klebsiella spp., and Salmonella spp.). Such microorganisms, except for Klebsiella spp., were sensitive to the extracts.

The antimicrobial activity of the hydroalcoholic extract from Eugenia uniflora leaves, which was assessed through MIC using the liquid culture medium microdilution method, was checked by Auricchio et al. [62]. It was observed that the extract is able to inhibit the microbial growth in all tested microorganism strains (Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella choleraesuis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Candida albicans, and Aspergillus niger).

4. Conclusion

The study of the phytochemical composition of P. cattleianum showed the presence of catechins, steroids, phenolic compounds, flavonoids, and saponins as secondary compounds. The chemical constituents found in the leaves of this botanical species showed therapeutic applicability potential. Thus, this plant should be investigated in further pharmacological studies. In addition, the popular use of this plant may be related to the results found in the phytochemical assessment. It is worth emphasizing that the chemical composition of the plant leaf is similar to that of other species in the family Myrtaceae.

The constituents of P. cattleianum leaves showed low or no toxicity. The ethanol extract and its fractions, which were obtained from the leaves, showed antimicrobial activity and the action spectrum was linked to the significant presence of metabolites with known antibacterial activity, such as phenolic compounds, saponins, and tannins. Therefore, the results of the current study helped in better understanding the chemical and biological features of the plant species as well as encouraging further studies aimed at the purification, isolation, and structural elucidation of the bioactive components responsible for the antibacterial activity found in P. cattleianum.

Competing Interests

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper.

References

C. Viegas Jr, V. S. Bolzani, and E. J. Barreiro, “Os produtos naturais e a química medicinal moderna,” Química Nova, vol. 29, no. 2, pp. 326–337, 2006.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
J. H. Doughari, “Phytochemicals: extraction methods, basic structures and mode of action as potential chemotherapeutic agents,” in Phytochemicals—A Global Perspective of Their Role in Nutrition and Health, InTech, 2012.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
J. B. Calixto, “Efficacy, safety, quality control, marketing and regulatory guidelines for herbal medicines (phytotherapeutic agents),” Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research, vol. 33, no. 2, pp. 179–189, 2000.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
G. K. V. Villas Bôas and C. A. G. Gadelha, “Oportunidades na indústria de medicamentos e a lógica do desenvolvimento local baseado nos biomas brasileiros: bases para a discussão de uma política nacional,” Cadernos de Saúde Pública, vol. 23, no. 6, pp. 1463–1471, 2007.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
D. Cousins and M. A. Huffman, “Medicinal properties in the diet of gorillas: an ethnopharmacological evaluation,” African Studies Monoghaphs, vol. 23, no. 2, pp. 65–89, 2002.
View at: Google Scholar
J. L. Ríos and M. C. Recio, “Medicinal plants and antimicrobial activity,” Journal of Ethnopharmacology, vol. 100, no. 1-2, pp. 80–84, 2005.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
R. Sivakumar and C. Alagesaboopathi, “Studies on cytotoxicity and antitumor screening of red and white forms of Abrus precatorius L.,” African Journal of Biotechnology, vol. 7, no. 22, pp. 3984–3988, 2008.
View at: Google Scholar
A. S. Adekunle and O. C. Adekunle, “Preliminary assessment of antimicrobial properties of aqueous extract of plants against infectious diseases,” Biology and Medicine, vol. 1, no. 3, pp. 20–24, 2009.
View at: Google Scholar
A. S. Saganuwan and P. A. Onyeyili, “Biochemical effects of aqueous leaf extract of Abrus precatorius (Jecquirity bean) in Swiss albino mice,” Herba Polonica, vol. 56, no. 3, pp. 63–80, 2010.
View at: Google Scholar
R. Nair and S. Chanda, “In-vitro antimicrobial activity of Psidium guajava L. leaf extracts against clinically important pathogenic microbial strains,” Brazilian Journal of Microbiology, vol. 38, no. 3, pp. 452–458, 2007.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
R. M. P. Gutiérrez, S. Mitchell, and R. V. Solis, “Psidium guajava: a review of its traditional uses, phytochemistry and pharmacology,” Journal of Ethnopharmacology, vol. 117, no. 1, pp. 1–27, 2008.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
K.-C. Chen, C.-L. Hsieh, C.-C. Peng et al., “Brain derived metastatic prostate cancer DU-145 cells are effectively inhibited in vitro by guava (Psidium gujava L.) leaf extracts,” Nutrition and Cancer, vol. 58, no. 1, pp. 93–106, 2007.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
F. E. Uboh, I. E. Okon, and M. B. Ekong, “Effect of aqueous extract of Psidium guajava leaves on liver enzymes, histological integrity and hematological indices in rats,” Gastroenterology Research, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 32–38, 2010.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
M. Ayyanar and P. Subash-Babu, “Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels: a review of its phytochemical constituents and traditional uses,” Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine, vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 240–246, 2012.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
F. Q. Alvarenga, B. C. F. Mota, M. N. Leite et al., “In vivo analgesic activity, toxicity and phytochemical screening of the hydroalcoholic extract from the leaves of Psidium cattleianum Sabine,” Journal of Ethnopharmacology, vol. 150, no. 1, pp. 280–284, 2013.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
A. K. Tripathi and S. Kohli, “Pharmacognostical standardization and antidiabetic activity of Syzygium cumini (Linn.) barks (Myrtaceae) on streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats,” Journal of Complementary and Integrative Medicine, vol. 11, no. 2, pp. 71–81, 2014.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
G. Coelho De Souza, A. P. S. Haas, G. L. Von Poser, E. E. S. Schapoval, and E. Elisabetsky, “Ethnopharmacological studies of antimicrobial remedies in the south of Brazil,” Journal of Ethnopharmacology, vol. 90, no. 1, pp. 135–143, 2004.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
A. S. Galho, N. F. Lopes, M. A. Bacarin, and M. D. G. D. S. Lima, “Chemical composition and growth respiration in Psidium cattleyanum sabine fruits during the development cycle,” Revista Brasileira de Fruticultura, vol. 29, no. 1, pp. 61–66, 2007.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
A. L. Medina, L. I. R. Haas, F. C. Chaves et al., “Araçá (Psidium cattleianum Sabine) fruit extracts with antioxidant and antimicrobial activities and antiproliferative effect on human cancer cells,” Food Chemistry, vol. 128, no. 4, pp. 916–922, 2011.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
S. Patel, “Exotic tropical plant Psidium cattleianum: a review on prospects and threats,” Reviews in Environmental Science and Biotechnology, vol. 11, no. 3, pp. 243–248, 2012.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
H. H. Moresco, M. G. Pizzolatti, and I. M. C. Brighente, “Constituents of Psidium cattleyanum,” Chemistry of Natural Compounds, vol. 47, no. 6, pp. 1028–1029, 2012.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
S. D. Caldeira, P. A. Hiane, M. I. Ramos, and M. M. Ramos Filho, “Caracterização físico-química do araçá (Psidium guineense sw.) e do tarumã (Vitex cymosa bert.) do estado de Mato Grosso do Sul,,” Centro de Pesquisa de Processamento de Alimentos, vol. 22, no. 1, 2004.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
M. S. Santos, C. L. O. Petkowicz, G. Wosiacki, A. Nogueira, and E. B. B. Carneiro, “Caracterização do suco de araçá vermelho. (Psidium cattleianum Sabine) extraído mecanicamente e tratado enzimaticamente,” Acta Scientiarum Agronomy, vol. 29, supplement, pp. 617–621, 2007.
View at: Google Scholar
M. R. Fetter, M. Vizzotto, D. D. Corbelini, and T. N. Gonzalez, “Propriedades funcionais de araçá-amarelo, araçá-vermelho (Psidium cattleyanum Sabine) e araçá-pera (P. acutangulum D.C.) cultivados em Pelotas/RS,” Brazilian Journal of Food Technology, vol. 13, pp. 92–95, 2010.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
A. P. C. Melo, A. Seleguini, and R. S. V. Valquíria, “Caracterização física e química de frutos de araçá (Psidium guineense Swartz),” Comunicata Scientiae, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 91–95, 2013.
View at: Google Scholar
F. L. Brighenti, S. B. I. Luppens, A. C. B. Delbem et al., “Effect of Psidium cattleianum leaf extract on Streptococcus mutans viability, protein expression and acid production,” Caries Research, vol. 42, no. 2, pp. 148–154, 2008.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
A. F. Costa, Farmacognosia, Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian, Lisbon, Portugal, 3rd edition, 2001.
G. M. Molinas-Salinas and S. Said-Fernández, “A modified microplate cytotoxicity assay with brine shrimp larvae (Artemia salina),” Pharmacologyonline, vol. 3, pp. 663–638, 2006.
View at: Google Scholar
J. M. Nguta, J. M. Mbaria, D. W. Gakuya, P. K. Gathumbi, J. D. Kabasa, and S. G. Kiama, “Biological screeing of Kenya medicinal plants using Artemia salina L. (Artemiidae),” Pharmacologyonline, vol. 2, pp. 458–478, 2011.
View at: Google Scholar
Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI), “Methods for dilution antimicrobial susceptibility test for bacteria that grow aerobically,” Approved Standard, CLSI, 2010.
View at: Google Scholar
C. Caballero-George, P. M. L. Vanderheyden, Y. Okamoto et al., “Evaluation of bioactive saponins and triterpenoidal aglycons for their binding properties on human endothelin $E T_{A}$ and angiotensin AT₁ receptors,” Phytotherapy Research, vol. 18, no. 9, pp. 729–736, 2004.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
H.-X. Sun, Y. Xie, and Y.-P. Ye, “Advances in saponin-based adjuvants,” Vaccine, vol. 27, no. 12, pp. 1787–1796, 2009.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
L. G. Verdi, I. M. C. Brighente, and M. G. Pizzolatti, “Gênero Baccharis (Asteraceae): aspectos químicos, econômicos e biológicos,” Química Nova, vol. 28, no. 1, pp. 85–94, 2005.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
A. López-Revuelta, J. I. Sánchez-Gallego, A. Hernández-Hernández, J. Sánchez-Yagüe, and M. Llanillo, “Membrane cholesterol contents influence the protective effects of quercetin and rutin in erythrocytes damaged by oxidative stress,” Chemico-Biological Interactions, vol. 161, no. 1, pp. 79–91, 2006.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
T. Yamada, “Resistência de plantas ás pragas e doenças: pode ser afetada pelo manejo da cultura?” Piracicaba: Informações Agronômicas Potafós, vol. 1, no. 108, pp. 1–7, 2004.
View at: Google Scholar
A. E. V. Senger, C. H. A. Schwanke, and M. G. V. Gottlieb, “Chá verde (Camellia sinensis) e suas propriedades funcionais nas doenças crônicas não transmissíveis,” Scientia Medica, vol. 20, no. 4, pp. 292–300, 2010.
View at: Google Scholar
K. B. Hicks and R. A. Moreau, “Phytosterols and phytostanols: functional food cholesterol busters,” Food Technology, vol. 51, no. 2, pp. 63–67, 2001.
View at: Google Scholar
I. C. A. Silva, Á. A. Aleixo, A. M. Aleixo, A. Figueiredo, M. O. Lemuchi, and L. A. Lima, “Análise fitoquímica e atividade antioxidante do extrato hidroetanólico das folhas de Psidium guajava L. (Goiabeira),” Biochemistry and Biotechnology Reports, vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 76–78, 2013.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
T. M. Souza, Estudo farmacognóstico e avaliação da atividade antimicrobiana e citotóxica de preparações cosméticas contendo o extrato de folhas de Myrciaria cauliflora O. Berg. e de casca de Stryphnodendron adstringens (Mart.) Coville [M.S. dissertation], Universidade Estadual Paulista, Júlio de Mesquita Filho, São Paulo, Brazil, 2007.
J. A. M. Paula, J. R. Paula, M. H. R. Bara, and H. D. Ferreira, “Estudo farmacognóstico das folhas de Pimenta pseudocaryophyllus (Gomes) L.R. Landrum—Myrtaceae,” Revista Brasileira de Farmacognosia, vol. 18, no. 2, pp. 265–278, 2008.
View at: Google Scholar
T. S. Fiuza, M. H. Rezende, S. M. T. Sabóia-Morais, M. T. F. Bara, L. F. Trevenzol, and J. R. Paula, “Caracterização farmacognóstica das folhas de Eugenia uniflora (Myrtaceae),” Revista Eletrônica de Farmácia, vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 21–31, 2008.
View at: Google Scholar
A. F. Magalhães, A. M. G. De Azevedo Tozzi, C. C. Santos et al., “Saponins from Swartzia langsdorffii: biological activities,” Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, vol. 98, no. 5, pp. 713–718, 2003.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
B. G. Brasileiro, V. R. Pizziolo, D. S. Raslan, C. M. Jamal, and D. Silveira, “Antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities screening of some Brazilian medicinal plants used in Governador Valadares district,” Revista Brasileira de Ciências Farmacêuticas, vol. 42, no. 2, pp. 195–202, 2006.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
J. L. Mclaughlin, “Crown gall tumours on potato discs and brine shrimp lethality: two simple bioassays for higher plant screening and fractions,” in Methods in Plant Biochemistry, P. M. Dey and J. B. Harbone, Eds., pp. 1–32, Academic Press, New York, NY, USA, 1991.
View at: Google Scholar
J. L. Mclaughlin, C. J. Chang, D. L. Smith, and D. L. Bench-Top, Bioassays for the Discovery of Bioactive Natural Products: An Update, Elsevier, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 1991.
J. L. Mclaughlin, C. J. Chang, and D. L. Smith, Simple Bench-Top Bioassays (BS & PD) for Discovery of Plant Antitumor Compounds-Review of Recent Progress in Human Medicinal Agents from Plants, Kinghorn & Balandrini, New York, NY, USA, 1993.
M. F. Dolabela, Triagem in vitro para atividade antitumoral e anti Trypanossoma cruzi de extratos vegetais, produtos naturais e susbstâncias sintéticas [M.S. thesis], Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil, 1997.
T. M. De Almeida Alves, A. F. Silva, M. Brandão et al., “Biological Screening of Brazilian Medicinal Plants,” Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, vol. 95, no. 3, pp. 367–373, 2000.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
A. V. Krishnaraju, T. V. N. Rao, D. Sundararaju, M. Vanisree, H. S. Tsay, and G. V. Subbaraju, “Biological screening of medicinal plants collected from eastern ghats of india using Artemia salina (Brine Shrimp Test),” International Journal of Applied Science and Engineering, vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 115–125, 2006.
View at: Google Scholar
M. D. de Cerqueira, L. C. Souza-Neta, M. D. G. V. M. Passos et al., “Seasonal variation and antimicrobial activity of Myrcia myrtifolia essential oils,” Journal of the Brazilian Chemical Society, vol. 18, no. 5, pp. 998–1003, 2007.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
E. A. Domingues, C. V. Nakamura, M. C. Souza et al., “Estudo fitoquímico e avaliação da toxicidade frente a Artemia salina e da atividade antimicrobiana de Calycorectes psidiiflorus (O. Berg) Sobral, Myrtaceae,” Revista Brasileira de Farmacognosia, vol. 20, no. 1, pp. 23–27, 2010.
View at: Google Scholar
A. B. P. Montanher, M. G. Pizzolatti, and I. M. C. Brighente, “An application of the brine shrimp bioassay for general screening of Brazilian medicinal plants,” Acta Farmacéutica Bonaerense, vol. 21, no. 3, pp. 175–178, 2002.
View at: Google Scholar
L. M. S. Silveira, R. S. G. Olea, J. S. Mesquista, A. L. N. Cruz, and J. C. Mendes, “Metodologias de atividade antimicrobiana aplicadas a extratos de plantas: comparação entre duas técnicas de ágar difusão,” Revista Brasileira de Farmácia, vol. 90, no. 2, pp. 124–128, 2009.
View at: Google Scholar
P. Kotzekidou, P. Giannakidis, and A. Boulamatsis, “Antimicrobial activity of some plant extracts and essential oils against foodborne pathogens in vitro and on the fate of inoculated pathogens in chocolate,” LWT—Food Science and Technology, vol. 41, no. 1, pp. 119–127, 2008.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
S. L. F. Sarrazin, R. B. Oliveira, L. E. S. Barata, and R. H. V. Mourão, “Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of the essential oil of Lippia grandis Schauer (Verbenaceae) from the western Amazon,” Food Chemistry, vol. 134, no. 3, pp. 1474–1478, 2012.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
Z. Zare, A. Majd, T. N. Sattari, A. Iranbakhsh, and S. Mehrabian, “Antimicrobial activity of leaf and flower extracts of Lippia nodiflora L. (Verbenacea),” Journal of Plant Protection Research, vol. 52, no. 4, pp. 401–403, 2012.
View at: Google Scholar
A. A. T. Carvalho, M. C. C. Sampaio, F. C. Sampaio et al., “Atividade antimicrobiana in vitro de extratos hidroalcoólicos de Psidium guajavaL. sobre bactérias gram-negativas,” Acta Farmaceutica Bonaerense, vol. 21, no. 4, pp. 255–258, 2002.
View at: Google Scholar
F. B. Holetz, G. L. Pessini, N. R. Sanches, D. A. G. Cortez, C. V. Nakamura, and B. P. Dias Filho, “Screening of some plants used in the Brazilian folk medicine for the treatment of infectious diseases,” Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, vol. 97, no. 7, pp. 1027–1031, 2002.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
F. Qa'dan, A.-J. Thewaini, D. A. Ali, R. Afifi, A. Elkhawad, and K. Z. Matalka, “The antimicrobial activities of Psidium guajava and Juglans regia leaf extracts to acne-developing organisms,” American Journal of Chinese Medicine, vol. 33, no. 2, pp. 197–204, 2005.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
C. M. Carvalho, M. R. Macedo-Costa, M. S. V. Pereira, J. S. Higino, L. P. C. Carvalho, and L. Costa, “Efeito antimicrobiano in vitro do extrato de jabuticaba [Myrciaria cauliflora (Mart.) O.Berg.] sobre Streptococcus da cavidade oral,” Revista Brasileira de Plantas Medicinais, vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 79–83, 2009.
View at: Google Scholar
D. N. Diniz, M. R. Macedo-Costa, M. S. Pereira, J. V. Pereira, and J. S. Higino, “Efeito antifúngico in vitro do extrato da folha e do caule de Myrciaria cauliflora Berg. sobre micro-organismos orais,” Revista de Odontologia da UNESP, vol. 39, no. 3, pp. 151–156, 2010.
View at: Google Scholar
M. T. Auricchio, A. Bugno, S. B. M. Barros, and E. M. Bacchi, “Antimicrobial and antioxidant activities and toxicity of Eusenia uniflora,” Latin American Journal of Pharmacy, vol. 26, no. 1, pp. 76–81, 2007.
View at: Google Scholar

Copyright

Copyright © 2016 José Henrique Faleiro et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

PDF Download Citation

Download other formats

Order printed copies

Views

2794

Downloads

596

Citations