Hippocampal Neurogenesis, Depressive Disorders, and Antidepressant Therapy

Paizanis, Eleni; Hamon, Michel; Lanfumey, Laurence

doi:https://doi.org/10.1155/2007/73754

Neural Plasticity

On this page

Abstract References Copyright Related Articles

Special Issue

Plasticity and Anxiety

View this Special Issue

Review Article | Open Access

Volume 2007 | Article ID 073754 | https://doi.org/10.1155/2007/73754

Hippocampal Neurogenesis, Depressive Disorders, and Antidepressant Therapy

Eleni Paizanis,^1,2Michel Hamon,^1,2and Laurence Lanfumey^1,2

Academic Editor: Georges Chapouthier

Received30 Nov 2006

Accepted05 Mar 2007

Published14 May 2007

Abstract

There is a growing body of evidence that neural stem cells reside in the adult central nervous system where neurogenesis occurs throughout lifespan. Neurogenesis concerns mainly two areas in the brain: the subgranular zone of the dentate gyrus in the hippocampus and the subventricular zone, where it is controlled by several trophic factors and neuroactive molecules. Neurogenesis is involved in processes such as learning and memory and accumulating evidence implicates hippocampal neurogenesis in the physiopathology of depression. We herein review experimental and clinical data demonstrating that stress and antidepressant treatments affect neurogenesis in opposite direction in rodents. In particular, the stimulation of hippocampal neurogenesis by all types of antidepressant drugs supports the view that neuroplastic phenomena are involved in the physiopathology of depression and underlie—at least partly—antidepressant therapy.

References

C. G. Gross, “Neurogenesis in the adult brain: death of a dogma,” Nature Reviews Neuroscience, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 67–73, 2000.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
J. Altman and G. D. Das, “Autoradiographic and histological evidence of postnatal hippocampal neurogenesis in rats,” The Journal of Comparative Neurology, vol. 124, no. 3, pp. 319–335, 1965.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
J. Altman and G. D. Das, “Autoradiographic and histological studies of postnatal neurogenesis. I. A longitudinal investigation of the kinetics, migration and transformation of cells incorporating tritiated thymidine in neonate rats, with special reference to postnatal neurogenesis in some brain regions,” The Journal of Comparative Neurology, vol. 126, no. 3, pp. 337–389, 1966.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
J. Altman, “Autoradiographic and histological studies of postnatal neurogenesis. IV. Cell proliferation and migration in the anterior forebrain, with special reference to persisting neurogenesis in the olfactory bulb,” The Journal of Comparative Neurology, vol. 137, no. 4, pp. 433–457, 1969.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
H. A. Cameron, C. S. Woolley, B. S. McEwen, and E. Gould, “Differentiation of newly born neurons and glia in the dentate gyrus of the adult rat,” Neuroscience, vol. 56, no. 2, pp. 337–344, 1993.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
E. Gould, A. J. Reeves, M. S. A. Graziano, and C. G. Gross, “Neurogenesis in the neocortex of adult primates,” Science, vol. 286, no. 5439, pp. 548–552, 1999.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
P. S. Eriksson, E. Perfilieva, and T. Björk-Eriksson et al., “Neurogenesis in the adult human hippocampus,” Nature Medicine, vol. 4, no. 11, pp. 1313–1317, 1998.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
F. S. Corotto, J. A. Henegar, and J. A. Maruniak, “Neurogenesis persists in the subependymal layer of the adult mouse brain,” Neuroscience Letters, vol. 149, no. 2, pp. 111–114, 1993.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
E. Gould and C. G. Gross, “Neurogenesis in adult mammals: some progress and problems,” The Journal of Neuroscience, vol. 22, no. 3, pp. 619–623, 2002.
View at: Google Scholar
N. B. Hastings and E. Gould, “Rapid extension of axons into the CA3 region by adult-generated granule cells,” The Journal of Comparative Neurology, vol. 413, no. 1, pp. 146–154, 1999.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
N. B. Hastings, M. I. Seth, P. Tanapat, T. A. Rydel, and E. Gould, “Granule neurons generated during development extend divergent axon collaterals to hippocampal area CA3,” The Journal of Comparative Neurology, vol. 452, no. 4, pp. 324–333, 2002.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
R. M. Costanzo, “Comparison of neurogenesis and cell replacement in the hamster olfactory system with and without a target (olfactory bulb),” Brain Research, vol. 307, no. 1-2, pp. 295–301, 1984.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
P.-M. Lledo, M. Alonso, and M. S. Grubb, “Adult neurogenesis and functional plasticity in neuronal circuits,” Nature Reviews Neuroscience, vol. 7, no. 3, pp. 179–193, 2006.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
R. L. Sidman, I. L. Miale, and N. Feder, “Cell proliferation and migration in the primitive ependymal zone: an autoradiographic study of histogenesis in the nervous system,” Experimental Neurology, vol. 1, no. 4, pp. 322–333, 1959.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
H. G. Gratzner, “Monoclonal antibody to 5-bromo- and 5-iododeoxyuridine: a new reagent for detection of DNA replication,” Science, vol. 218, no. 4571, pp. 474–475, 1982.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
G. Kempermann, H. G. Kuhn, and F. H. Gage, “More hippocampal neurons in adult mice living in an enriched environment,” Nature, vol. 386, no. 6624, pp. 493–495, 1997.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
H. G. Kuhn, H. Dickinson-Anson, and F. H. Gage, “Neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus of the adult rat: age-related decrease of neuronal progenitor proliferation,” The Journal of Neuroscience, vol. 16, no. 6, pp. 2027–2033, 1996.
View at: Google Scholar
M. W. Miller and R. S. Nowakowski, “Use of bromodeoxyuridine-immunohistochemistry to examine the proliferation, migration and time of origin of cells in the central nervous system,” Brain Research, vol. 457, no. 1, pp. 44–52, 1988.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
P. Taupin, J. Ray, and W. H. Fischer et al., “FGF-2-responsive neural stem cell proliferation requires CCg, a novel autocrine/paracrine cofactor,” Neuron, vol. 28, no. 2, pp. 385–397, 2000.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
C. Lois and A. Alvarez-Buylla, “Long-distance neuronal migration in the adult mammalian brain,” Science, vol. 264, no. 5162, pp. 1145–1148, 1994.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
T. D. Palmer, A. R. Willhoite, and F. H. Gage, “Vascular niche for adult hippocampal neurogenesis,” The Journal of Comparative Neurology, vol. 425, no. 4, pp. 479–494, 2000.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
P. Kurki, T. Helve, D. Dahl, and I. Virtanen, “Neurofilament antibodies in systemic lupus erythematosus,” Journal of Rheumatology, vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 69–73, 1986.
View at: Google Scholar
B. D. Eadie, V. A. Redila, and B. R. Christie, “Voluntary exercise alters the cytoarchitecture of the adult dentate gyrus by increasing cellular proliferation, dendritic complexity, and spine density,” The Journal of Comparative Neurology, vol. 486, no. 1, pp. 39–47, 2005.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
H. A. Cameron and R. D. G. McKay, “Adult neurogenesis produces a large pool of new granule cells in the dentate gyrus,” The Journal of Comparative Neurology, vol. 435, no. 4, pp. 406–417, 2001.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
B. S. McEwen, “Protection and damage from acute and chronic stress: allostasis and allostatic overload and relevance to the pathophysiology of psychiatric disorders,” Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, vol. 1032, part 1, pp. 1–7, 2004.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
G. Kempermann, H. G. Kuhn, and F. H. Gage, “Experience-induced neurogenesis in the senescent dentate gyrus,” The Journal of Neuroscience, vol. 18, no. 9, pp. 3206–3212, 1998.
View at: Google Scholar
E. Gould, A. J. Reeves, M. Fallah, P. Tanapat, C. G. Gross, and E. Fuchs, “Hippocampal neurogenesis in adult Old World primates,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, vol. 96, no. 9, pp. 5263–5267, 1999.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
F. Nottebohm, “The road we travelled: discovery, choreography, and significance of brain replaceable neurons,” Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, vol. 1016, part 7, pp. 628–658, 2004.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
H. van Praag, A. F. Schinder, B. R. Christle, N. Toni, T. D. Palmer, and F. H. Gage, “Functional neurogenesis in the adult hippocampus,” Nature, vol. 415, no. 6875, pp. 1030–1034, 2002.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
R. S. Duman, S. Nakagawa, and J. Malberg, “Regulation of adult neurogenesis by antidepressant treatment,” Neuropsychopharmacology, vol. 25, no. 6, pp. 836–844, 2001.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
J. E. Malberg, A. J. Eisch, E. J. Nestler, and R. S. Duman, “Chronic antidepressant treatment increases neurogenesis in adult rat hippocampus,” The Journal of Neuroscience, vol. 20, no. 24, pp. 9104–9110, 2000.
View at: Google Scholar
I. Liberzon, M. Krstov, and E. A. Young, “Stress-restress: effects on ACTH and fast feedback,” Psychoneuroendocrinology, vol. 22, no. 6, pp. 443–453, 1997.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
A. H. Young, “Cortisol in mood disorders,” Stress, vol. 7, no. 4, pp. 205–208, 2004.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
R. Ader and N. Cohen, “Psychoneuroimmunology: conditioning and stress,” Annual Review of Psychology, vol. 44, no. 1, pp. 53–85, 1993.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
B. S. McEwen and E. Stellar, “Stress and the individual: mechanisms leading to disease,” Archives of Internal Medicine, vol. 153, no. 18, pp. 2093–2101, 1993.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
A. Dranovsky and R. Hen, “Hippocampal neurogenesis: regulation by stress and antidepressants,” Biological Psychiatry, vol. 59, no. 12, pp. 1136–1143, 2006.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
B. L. Jacobs, “Adult brain neurogenesis and depression,” Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, vol. 16, no. 5, pp. 602–609, 2002.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
J. E. Malberg, “Implications of adult hippocampal neurogenesis in antidepressant action,” Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, vol. 29, no. 3, pp. 196–205, 2004.
View at: Google Scholar
P. Taupin and F. H. Gage, “Adult neurogenesis and neural stem cells of the central nervous system in mammals,” Journal of Neuroscience Research, vol. 69, no. 6, pp. 745–749, 2002.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
P. J. Shah, K. P. Ebmeier, M. F. Glabus, and G. M. Goodwin, “Cortical grey matter reductions associated with treatment-resistant chronic unipolar depression: controlled magnetic resonance imaging study,” The British Journal of Psychiatry, vol. 172, pp. 527–532, 1998.
View at: Google Scholar
Y. I. Sheline, M. Sanghavi, M. A. Mintun, and M. H. Gado, “Depression duration but not age predicts hippocampal volume loss in medically healthy women with recurrent major depression,” The Journal of Neuroscience, vol. 19, no. 12, pp. 5034–5043, 1999.
View at: Google Scholar
Y. I. Sheline, P. W. Wang, M. H. Gado, J. G. Csernansky, and M. W. Vannier, “Hippocampal atrophy in recurrent major depression,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, vol. 93, no. 9, pp. 3908–3913, 1996.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
R. M. Sapolsky, “Depression, antidepressants, and the shrinking hippocampus,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, vol. 98, no. 22, pp. 12320–12322, 2001.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
P.-O. Harvey, P. Fossati, and J.-B. Pochon et al., “Cognitive control and brain resources in major depression: an fMRI study using the $n$ -back task,” NeuroImage, vol. 26, no. 3, pp. 860–869, 2005.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
B. S. McEwen and A. M. Magarinos, “Stress and hippocampal plasticity: implications for the pathophysiology of affective disorders,” Human Psychopharmacology, vol. 16, supplement 1, pp. S7–S19, 2001.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
C. A. Stockmeier, G. J. Mahajan, and L. C. Konick et al., “Cellular changes in the postmortem hippocampus in major depression,” Biological Psychiatry, vol. 56, no. 9, pp. 640–650, 2004.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
E. Vermetten, M. Vythilingam, S. M. Southwick, D. S. Charney, and J. D. Bremner, “Long-term treatment with paroxetine increases verbal declarative memory and hippocampal volume in posttraumatic stress disorder,” Biological Psychiatry, vol. 54, no. 7, pp. 693–702, 2003.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
E. Gould, H. A. Cameron, D. C. Daniels, C. S. Woolley, and B. S. McEwen, “Adrenal hormones suppress cell division in the adult rat dentate gyrus,” The Journal of Neuroscience, vol. 12, no. 9, pp. 3642–3650, 1992.
View at: Google Scholar
R. S. Duman and L. M. Monteggia, “A neurotrophic model for stress-related mood disorders,” Biological Psychiatry, vol. 59, no. 12, pp. 1116–1127, 2006.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
H. A. Cameron and E. Gould, “Adult neurogenesis is regulated by adrenal steroids in the dentate gyrus,” Neuroscience, vol. 61, no. 2, pp. 203–209, 1994.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
E. Y. H. Wong and J. Herbert, “The corticoid environment: a determining factor for neural progenitors' survival in the adult hippocampus,” European Journal of Neuroscience, vol. 20, no. 10, pp. 2491–2498, 2004.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
B. S. McEwen and R. M. Sapolsky, “Stress and cognitive function,” Current Opinion in Neurobiology, vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 205–216, 1995.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
C. S. Woolley, E. Gould, and B. S. McEwen, “Exposure to excess glucocorticoids alters dendritic morphology of adult hippocampal pyramidal neurons,” Brain Research, vol. 531, no. 1-2, pp. 225–231, 1990.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
B. Czéh, T. Michaelis, and T. Watanabe et al., “Stress-induced changes in cerebral metabolites, hippocampal volume, and cell proliferation are prevented by antidepressant treatment with tianeptine,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, vol. 98, no. 22, pp. 12796–12801, 2001.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
E. Fuchs, G. Flügge, F. Ohl, P. Lucassen, G. K. Vollmann-Honsdorf, and T. Michaelis, “Psychosocial stress, glucocorticoids, and structural alterations in the tree shrew hippocampus,” Physiology and Behavior, vol. 73, no. 3, pp. 285–291, 2001.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
A. M. Magariños, B. S. McEwen, G. Flügge, and E. Fuchs, “Chronic psychosocial stress causes apical dendritic atrophy of hippocampal CA3 pyramidal neurons in subordinate tree shrews,” The Journal of Neuroscience, vol. 16, no. 10, pp. 3534–3540, 1996.
View at: Google Scholar
C. R. McKittrick, A. M. Magariños, D. C. Blanchard, R. J. Blanchard, B. S. McEwen, and R. R. Sakai, “Chronic social stress reduces dendritic arbors in CA3 of hippocampus and decreases binding to serotonin transporter sites,” Synapse, vol. 36, no. 2, pp. 85–94, 2000.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
K. Pham, J. Nacher, P. R. Hof, and B. S. McEwen, “Repeated restraint stress suppresses neurogenesis and induces biphasic PSA-NCAM expression in the adult rat dentate gyrus,” European Journal of Neuroscience, vol. 17, no. 4, pp. 879–886, 2003.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
V. Lemaire, M. Koehl, M. Le Moal, and D. N. Abrous, “Prenatal stress produces learning deficits associated with an inhibition of neurogenesis in the hippocampus,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, vol. 97, no. 20, pp. 11032–11037, 2000.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
C. L. Coe, M. Kramer, and B. Czéh et al., “Prenatal stress diminishes neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus of juvenile Rhesus monkeys,” Biological Psychiatry, vol. 54, no. 10, pp. 1025–1034, 2003.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
J. E. Malberg and R. S. Duman, “Cell proliferation in adult hippocampus is decreased by inescapable stress: reversal by fluoxetine treatment,” Neuropsychopharmacology, vol. 28, no. 9, pp. 1562–1571, 2003.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
K.-J. Lee, S.-J. Kim, and S.-W. Kim et al., “Chronic mild stress decreases survival, but not proliferation, of new-born cells in adult rat hippocampus,” Experimental and Molecular Medicine, vol. 38, no. 1, pp. 44–54, 2006.
View at: Google Scholar
P. Gaspar, O. Cases, and L. Maroteaux, “The developmental role of serotonin: news from mouse molecular genetics,” Nature Reviews Neuroscience, vol. 4, no. 12, pp. 1002–1012, 2003.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
B. L. Jacobs, H. van Praag, and F. H. Gage, “Adult brain neurogenesis and psychiatry: a novel theory of depression,” Molecular Psychiatry, vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 262–269, 2000.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
M. Banasr, M. Hery, R. Printemps, and A. Daszuta, “Serotonin-induced increases in adult cell proliferation and neurogenesis are mediated through different and common 5-HT receptor subtypes in the dentate gyrus and the subventricular zone,” Neuropsychopharmacology, vol. 29, no. 3, pp. 450–460, 2004.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
A. Nishimura, S. Ueda, Y. Takeuchi, T. Sawada, and M. Kawata, “Age-related decrease of serotonergic fibres and S-100 $β$ immunoreactivity in the rat dentate gyrus,” NeuroReport, vol. 6, no. 10, pp. 1445–1448, 1995.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
J. M. Brezun and A. Daszuta, “Depletion in serotonin decreases neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus and the subventricular zone of adult rats,” Neuroscience, vol. 89, no. 4, pp. 999–1002, 1999.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
S. Jha, R. Rajendran, J. Davda, and V. A. Vaidya, “Selective serotonin depletion does not regulate hippocampal neurogenesis in the adult rat brain: differential effects of $p$ -chlorophenylalanine and 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine,” Brain Research, vol. 1075, no. 1, pp. 48–59, 2006.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
J. M. Brezun and A. Daszuta, “Serotonin may stimulate granule cell proliferation in the adult hippocampus, as observed in rats grafted with foetal raphe neurons,” European Journal of Neuroscience, vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 391–396, 2000.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
M. Nibuya, E. J. Nestler, and R. S. Duman, “Chronic antidepressant administration increases the expression of cAMP response element binding protein (CREB) in rat hippocampus,” The Journal of Neuroscience, vol. 16, no. 7, pp. 2365–2372, 1996.
View at: Google Scholar
L. Santarelli, M. Saxe, and C. Gross et al., “Requirement of hippocampal neurogenesis for the behavioral effects of antidepressants,” Science, vol. 301, no. 5634, pp. 805–809, 2003.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
J. M. Encinas, A. Vaahtokari, and G. Enikolopov, “Fluoxetine targets early progenitor cells in the adult brain,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, vol. 103, no. 21, pp. 8233–8238, 2006.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
G. Chen, G. Rajkowska, F. Du, N. Seraji-Bozorgzad, and H. K. Manji, “Enhancement of hippocampal neurogenesis by lithium,” Journal of Neurochemistry, vol. 75, no. 4, pp. 1729–1734, 2000.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
G. Griebel, J. Simiand, and C. Serradeil-Le Gal et al., “Anxiolytic- and antidepressant-like effects of the non-peptide vasopressin $V_{1 b}$ receptor antagonist, SSR149415, suggest an innovative approach for the treatment of stress-related disorders,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, vol. 99, no. 9, pp. 6370–6375, 2002.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
G. Griebel, J. Simiand, and R. Steinberg et al., “4-(2-chloro-4-methoxy-5-methylphenyl)- $N$ -[(1 $S$ )-2-cyclopropyl-1- (3-fluoro-4-methylphenyl)ethyl]5-methyl- $N$ -(2-propynyl)-1, 3-thiazol-2-amine hydrochloride (SSR125543A), a potent and selective corticotrophin-releasing ${factor}_{1}$ receptor antagonist. II. Characterization in rodent models of stress-related disorders,” Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, vol. 301, no. 1, pp. 333–345, 2002.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
R. Alonso, G. Griebel, G. Pavone, J. Stemmelin, G. Le Fur, and P. Soubrié, “Blockade of ${CRF}_{1}$ or $V_{1 b}$ receptors reverses stress-induced suppression of neurogenesis in a mouse model of depression,” Molecular Psychiatry, vol. 9, no. 3, pp. 278–286, 2004.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
M. Banasr, A. Soumier, M. Hery, E. Mocaër, and A. Daszuta, “Agomelatine, a new antidepressant, induces regional changes in hippocampal neurogenesis,” Biological Psychiatry, vol. 59, no. 11, pp. 1087–1096, 2006.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
S. Morley-Fletcher, J. Mairesse, E. Mocaer, M. Darnaudery, O. Viltart, and S. Maccari, “Chronic treatment with agomelatine increases hippocampal cell proliferation in prenatally stressed rats,” Abstract Viewer/Itinerary Planner 506.20. 2003, Society for Neuroscience, Washington, DC, USA, 2003.
View at: Google Scholar
N. Froger, E. Palazzo, and C. Boni et al., “Neurochemical and behavioral alterations in glucocorticoid receptor-impaired transgenic mice after chronic mild stress,” The Journal of Neuroscience, vol. 24, no. 11, pp. 2787–2796, 2004.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
E. Païzanis, T. Renoir, and N. Hanoun et al., “Potent antidepressant-like effects of agomelatine in a transgenic mouse model of depression,” in Neuroscience Meeting Planner, Society for Neuroscience, Atlanta, Ga, USA, 2006, program no 290.4/OO51.
View at: Google Scholar
F. Chaouloff, “Physiopharmacological interactions between stress hormones and central serotonergic systems,” Brain Research Reviews, vol. 18, no. 1, pp. 1–32, 1993.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
J. F. López, D. T. Chalmers, K. Y. Little, and S. J. Watson, “Regulation of ${serotonin}_{1A}$ , glucocorticoid, and mineralocorticoid receptor in rat and human hippocampus: implications for the neurobiology of depression,” Biological Psychiatry, vol. 43, no. 8, pp. 547–573, 1998.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
N. Barden, “Regulation of corticosteroid receptor gene expression in depression and antidepressant action,” Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, vol. 24, no. 1, pp. 25–39, 1999.
View at: Google Scholar
J. F. W. Deakin, I. Pennell, A. J. Upadhyaya, and R. Lofthouse, “A neuroendocrine study of 5-HT function in depression: evidence for biological mechanisms of endogenous and psychosocial causation,” Psychopharmacology, vol. 101, no. 1, pp. 85–92, 1990.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
K. P. Lesch, S. Mayer, and J. Disselkamp-Tietze et al., “5- ${HT}_{1 A}$ receptor responsivity in unipolar depression evaluation of ipsapirone-induced ACTH and cortisol secretion in patients and controls,” Biological Psychiatry, vol. 28, no. 7, pp. 620–628, 1990.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
R. J. Porter, P. Gallagher, S. Watson, and A. H. Young, “Corticosteroid-serotonin interactions in depression: a review of the human evidence,” Psychopharmacology, vol. 173, no. 1, pp. 1–17, 2004.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
M. A. Smith, S. Makino, R. Kvetnansky, and R. M. Post, “Stress and glucocorticoids affect the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor and neurotrophin-3 mRNAs in the hippocampus,” The Journal of Neuroscience, vol. 15, no. 3, part 1, pp. 1768–1777, 1995.
View at: Google Scholar
A. K. McAllister, D. C. Lo, and L. C. Katz, “Neurotrophins regulate dendritic growth in developing visual cortex,” Neuron, vol. 15, no. 4, pp. 791–803, 1995.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
D. Dowlatshahi, G. M. MacQueen, J. F. Wang, and L. T. Young, “Increased temporal cortex CREB concentrations and antidepressant treatment in major depression,” Lancet, vol. 352, no. 9142, pp. 1754–1755, 1998.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
R. S. Duman, J. Malberg, and J. Thome, “Neural plasticity to stress and antidepressant treatment,” Biological Psychiatry, vol. 46, no. 9, pp. 1181–1191, 1999.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
M. Nibuya, S. Morinobu, and R. S. Duman, “Regulation of BDNF and trkB mRNA in rat brain by chronic electroconvulsive seizure and antidepressant drug treatments,” The Journal of Neuroscience, vol. 15, no. 11, pp. 7539–7547, 1995.
View at: Google Scholar
D. Meshi, M. R. Drew, and M. Saxe et al., “Hippocampal neurogenesis is not required for behavioral effects of environmental enrichment,” Nature Neuroscience, vol. 9, no. 6, pp. 729–731, 2006.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
F. A. Henn and B. Vollmayr, “Neurogenesis and depression: etiology or epiphenomenon?,” Biological Psychiatry, vol. 56, no. 3, pp. 146–150, 2004.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar

Copyright

Copyright © 2007 Eleni Paizanis et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

PDF Download Citation Order printed copies

Views

699

Downloads

1551

Citations