Altered Recruitment of the Attention Network Is Associated with Disability and Cognitive Impairment in Pediatric Patients with Acquired Brain Injury
Table 1
Main demographic, clinical, and magnetic resonance imaging characteristics of patients with acquired brain injury (ABI).
Number
Sex
Age at event (years)
Age at study (years)
Cause
Dynamics of impact
Type of ABI
Diffuse axonal injury
Lesion location
Time after trauma
Days of coma
Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS)
Functional Independence Measure (FIM)
Disability Rating Scale (DRS)
1
M
7.2
7.5
Hemorrhagic stroke
n.a.
n.a.
0
Left temporoparietal arteriovenous malformation
A
8
8
81
5
2
M
9.2
10.0
Brain trauma
1
1
1
Diffuse axonal injury
S
25
7
107
5
3
F
11.0
13.1
Brain trauma
2
2
1
Diffuse axonal injury
C
30
4
122
1
4
F
11.6
12.5
Brain trauma
1
1
0
Cerebral and cerebellar atrophy; left temporoparietal cortical contusion; paramedian bilateral frontal contusions
S
21
6
108
4
5
F
15.6
15.8
Hemorrhagic stroke
n.a.
n.a.
0
Left frontoinsular arteriovenous malformation
A
0
12
124
3
6
M
16.5
16.5
Brain trauma
n.e.
n.e.
1
Diffuse axonal injury
A
5
8
121
3
7
M
7.9
9.5
Brain trauma
2
2
1
Diffuse axonal injury; left frontal and right temporoparietal small contusions
C
9
4
116
4
8
F
8.2
15.2
Brain trauma
1
1
1
Diffuse axonal injury
C
24
3
126
2
9
M
13.1
13.4
Brain trauma
1
2
1
Diffuse axonal injury
A
0
15
120
2
10
F
8.9
9.0
Brain trauma
1
2
1
Diffuse axonal injury, frontotemporal contusion
A
4
7
126
0
11
F
14.1
16.8
Brain trauma
2
2
0
Small right frontal and temporal contusions
C
35
5
126
1
12
F
16.2
16.3
Hemorrhagic stroke
n.a.
n.a.
0
Left frontoinsular hematoma left subdural hematoma
A
1
10
124
2
13
M
13.5
14.4
Brain trauma
2
2
1
Diffuse axonal injury; left cerebellar and temporobasal cortical contusions
S
8
8
126
3
14
F
14.6
18.0
Brain trauma
2
1
1
Diffuse axonal injury
C
12
5
123
0
15
F
9.7
12.6
Ischemic stroke
n.a.
n.a.
0
Left insular and basal ganglia regions
C
0
15
100
4
16
F
11.6
14.8
Brain tumor
n.a.
n.a.
0
Posterior fossa ependymoma
C
105
7
78
5
17
F
10.1
12.8
Brain trauma
1
2
1
Diffuse axonal injury
C
20
6
126
0
18
M
17.8
18.0
Brain trauma
2
1
1
Diffuse axonal injury
A
20
7
124
0
19
M
10.7
15.7
Brain trauma
2
1
1
Diffuse axonal injury
C
23
5
121
3
20
M
14.0
18.0
Brain trauma
2
1
1
Diffuse axonal injury
C
5
8
124
0
Evaluated on MRI scans performed during the acute stage (within 6 months) of disease, which also included a gradient echo scan in the majority of cases. n.e. = not evaluable; n.a. = not applicable; M = male; F = female. Dynamics of impact: acceleration = 1; deceleration = 2. A traumatic injury due to acceleration occurs when the head accelerates because of the impact (e.g., a person hit by a car); a traumatic injury due to deceleration occurs when the head decelerates because of the impact (e.g., a person falling to the ground). Diffuse axonal injury: absent = 0; present = 1. Type of acquired brain injury (ABI): closed = 1; penetrating = 2. An open brain injury occurs when an object penetrates the skull and enters the brain; a closed brain injury occurs when there is a force on the head that leaves the skull intact but results in injury to the brain tissue. Time after trauma: acute = A, if time <6 months, subacute = S if 6 months ≤ time < 12 months, and chronic = C, if time ≥12 months.
