The Potential Role of the NLRP3 Inflammasome as a Link between Mitochondrial Complex I Dysfunction and Inflammation in Bipolar Disorder

Table 1

Characteristics of studies examining cytokine alterations in peripheral samples of patients with bipolar disorder.

Author name	Year	Sample size	Sample	Technique used	Cytokines examined
Tsai et al. [25]	2001	31 manic, 31 remission, 31 control	Plasma	ELISA	sIL-2R, sIL-6R
Su et al. [27]	2002	20 BD-I manic, 15 control	Plasma		Stimulated sIL-2R, IL-10, IFN-g
Wadee et al. [28]	2002	45 BD-I manic, 45 control	Serum		CRP
Kim et al. [92]	2002	25 mania, 85 control	Plasma	ELISA	IL-12
Breunis et al. [30]	2003	172 BD I and II, 66 matched control	Serum		sIL-2R
Boufidou et al. [31]	2004	BD I and II, 40 Li treated euthymic, 10 medication naïve, and 20 controls	Plasma	ELISA	Stimulated IL-2, IL-6, IL-10, IFN-g
Kim et al. [93]	2004	70 mania, 96 control	Plasma	ELISA	IFN-g, IL-4, TGF-b1
Liu et al. [94]	2004	29 BD-I manic, 20 controls	Plasma		Stimulated IL-1RA, IL-2, IL-4, IL-10, IFN-g
Knijff et al. [95]	2006	54 BD-I and II, 10 controls	Peripheral blood	FACS	Stimulated IL-2R w/dexamethasone suppression
O’brien et al. [32]	2006	21 control, 12 manic, 9 depressed	Plasma	ELISA	IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, TNF-alpha, sIL-6R
Dickerson et al. [96]	2007	122 BD-I and II, 165 controls	Serum		CRP
Huang and Lin [34]	2007	13 BD-I manic, 23 MDD, 31 controls	Serum		hsCRP
Kim et al. [29]	2007	37 BD-I manic, 74 controls	Plasma	ELISA	Stimulated IL-2, IL-4, IL-10, TNF-a, and IFN-g
Knijff et al. [97]	2007	80 BD-I and II, 59 controls	Serum	ELISA	IL-1b, I-6
Ortiz-Domínguez et al. [42]	2007	33 controls, 20 patients, 10 in manic phase, 10 in depressed phase,	Serum	ELISA	TNF-a, IL-6, IL-1b, IL-2, and IL-4.
Cunha et al. [98]	2008	30 mania, 30 depressed, 20 euthymic, 32 controls	Serum		hsCRP
Kauer-Sant’Anna et al. [35]	2009	60 matched controls, 30 early stage, 30 late stage	Serum	ELISA	BDNF, TNF-a, IL-6 and IL-1
Guloksuz [99]	2010	31 euthymic, 16 control	Serum	Flow cytometry	IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-10, IFN-g, TNF-a
Brietzke and Teixeira [100]	2010	30 euthymic, 30 control	Serum	ELISA	sTNFR1, sTNFR2
Kapczinski et al. [36]	2011	20 manic, 20 depressed, 250 euthymic, 80 control	Serum	ELISA	TNF-a, IL-6, IL-10
Drexhage et al. [47]	2010	38 Euthymic, 22 control	Serum	Flow cytometry, ELISA for sIL-2R	IFN-g, IL-17A, IL-10, IL-6, IL-4, IL-5, IL-8, TNF-a, IL-1b, sIL-2R
Hope et al. [44]	2011	17 “Elevated”, 58 Depressed, 26 Euthymic, 239 control	Plasma	EIA	sTNF-R1, IL1-Ra, IL-6
Barbosa et al. [101]	2011	34 manic, 19 Euthymic, 38 control	Plasma	ELISA	sTNF-R1, IL1-Ra, IL-6
Guloksuz et al. [45]	2012	45 euthymic with subsyndromal symptoms (BD+), 23 without subsyndromal symptoms (BD−), 23 control	Plasma	ELISA	Soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor-1 (sTNF-R1), soluble interleukin-6 receptor (sIL-6R), soluble interleukin-2 receptor (sIL-2R)
Barbosa et al. [37]	2012	25 euthymic, 25 control	Plasma	ELISA	TNF-a, sTNFR1, sTNFR2
Barbosa et al. [37]	2012	30 euthymic, 30 control	Plasma	ELISA	TNF-a, sTNFR1, sTNFR2
Remlinger-Molenda et al. [40]	2012	121 euthymic, 78 control	Serum	cytometry	IL-6, TNF-a, IL-10, IFN-g, IL-2, IL-1b
Cetin et al. [41]	2012	45 euthymic, 23 control	Plasma	ELISA	sTNF-R1, sIL-6R
Tsai et al. [26]	2012	33 manic, 33 remission, 33 control	Plasma	ELISA	IL1-Ra, sTNF-R1