The Use of Cannabis as a Predictor of Early Onset of Bipolar Disorder and Suicide Attempts

Table 4

Bipolar disorder and suicide attempts.

Study	Design	Sample; ()	Follow-up time (in years)	Suicides in BD	Suicide attempts in BD and substance use	Suicide attempts in BD and cannabis
Marangell et al., 2006 [27]	Cohort	1,556	2	3.6% ( = 57) suicide attempts ( = 50) or completions ( = 7)	—^a	—^a
Valtonen et al., 2006 [28]	Cohort	176	1.5	20% ( = 35) attempts, 1% ( = 2) completions	45% alcohol, 46% smoking	—^a
Tidemalm et al., 2014 [16]	Cohort	6,086; (male = 2,408; female = 3,678)^b	After attempted suicide, ranging from 19–30	Male: 4,1% ( = 98); Female: 6,8% ( = 253)	—^a	—^a
Hamshere et. al., 2009 [23]	Cross-sectional	1,369	—^a	Early onset (44.3%); ( = 235); Mid-onset (33.7%); ( = 129); Late onset (28.7%); ( = 31); Suicide attempts	—^a	—^a
Bellivier et al., 2011 [29]	Prospective; observational	2,219	2	29.9%	—^a	17.3%
Cassid, 2011 [30]	Cohort	157	—^a	37.6%	Nicotine: 66.2%; Alcohol: 36.3%; Cocaine: 23.6%; Benzodiazepine: 5.7%; Amphetamine: 7.6%; Opiate: 5.1%; Hallucinogen: 9.6%	42.7%
Parmentier et al., 2012 [31]	Cross-sectional	652	—^a	42.9%	—^a	15.1%
Antypa et al., 2013 [32]	Cohort	3,083	—^a	4.6%	—^a	—^a
Carrà et al., 2014 [33]	Meta-analysis	31,294	—^a	—^a	20.1%	—^a

Cassidy: the rates of substance use and cannabis use are associated with the total sample. It does not represent necessarily interaction with the rate of suicide attempts.
^aNo data available.
Including Bipolar Disorder Subtypes 1 and 2, Unspecified type and Schizoaffective Disorder of Bipolar Type.