Eyes Open on Sleep and Wake: In Vivo to In Silico Neural Networks

Figure 2

Evidence for synaptic potentiation in sleep deprivation [18]. (a) Experiments in rats and mice show that the number and phosphorylation levels of GluA1-AMPARs increase after wake [18, 21]. ((b), (b′), and (b′′)) Electrophysiological analyses of cortical evoked responses using electrical stimulation in rats [18, 21] and TMS in humans [18, 22] show increased slope after wake and decreased slope after sleep. In (b), W0 and W1 indicate onset and end of ca. 4 hours of wake; S0 and S1 indicate onset and end of ca. 4 hours of sleep, including at least 2 hours of NREM sleep. In (b′), pink and blue bars indicate a night of sleep deprivation and a night of recovery sleep, respectively. (b′′) In vitro analysis of miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents (mEPSCs) in rats and mice shows increased frequency and amplitude of mEPSCs after wake and sleep deprivation (SD) relative to sleep (control) [18, 23].