Bilingualism and Musicianship Enhance Cognitive Control

Figure 1

Mean bilingual (a) and music (b) proficiencies for bilinguals, musicians, bilingual musicians, and controls. Bilingual proficiency (a) represents a self-reported measure of ability in the participant’s second-most proficient language, while music proficiency (b) represents a self-reported measure of ability in the participant’s first-most proficient instrument. Error bars represent the standard error of the mean.

(a)

(b)