Flexible Coupling of Respiration and Vocalizations with Locomotion and Head Movements in the Freely Behaving Rat

Figure 8

Causality. Granger causality between intranasal pressure, emission of ultrasonic vocalizations, and head acceleration for each behavioral mode. Causality was assessed in the 3–11 Hz frequency range. Arrows represent significant causality from one variable to another, with line width proportional to its magnitude. Reference arrows are shown on the bottom.