Review Article
Where Environment Meets Cognition: A Focus on Two Developmental Intellectual Disability Disorders
Table 1
Epigenetic mechanisms in cognition and IDDs.
| | Epigenetic changes | Writers | Erasers | Readers | Effect on gene expression | Effects on cognition | IDDs involved |
| | 5mC | DNMTs | TETs
AID/Apobec | MBPs | Repression | Memory formation [17, 18]
Memory consolidation [24] | Rett Syndrome [25] |
| | mCH | DNMT3a | TETs
AID/Apobec | MBPs
(e.g., MeCP2) | Repression | | Rett Syndrome [26] |
| | 5hmC | TETs | | | Activation | Memory formation [22]
Memory extinction [23]
LTD [23] | |
| | Histone acetylation | HATs | HDACs (HDAC1–5, SIRT1) | CPB
BRDs | Activation | Memory formation [27]
Memory consolidation [28, 29]
Depression [30]
Fear extinction [31] | Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome [32, 33] |
| | Histone methylation | HMTs (MLL, GLP/G9a) | HDMs (LSD1, JMJD1a) | Chromodomains (e.g., HP1) | Activation/repression | Memory formation [34]
Memory consolidation [35]
Adaptive behaviour [36] | Kleefstra syndrome [37, 38]
Sotos syndrome [39]
Wolf-Hirschhorn syndrome [40]
Kabuki syndrome [41, 42]
Weaver syndrome 2 [43]
Claes-Jensen-type syndromic X-linked ID [44]
Siderius X-linked ID [45] |
| | Chromatin remodelling | | | nBAF, ATRX | Activation/repression | Long-term memory formation [46] | Coffin-Siris Syndrome [47]
Nicolaides-Baraitser syndrome [48]
ATRX syndrome [49]
ASD [50] |
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