Effects of Fast Simple Numerical Calculation Training on Neural Systems
Table 1
Pre- and posttest scores for psychological measures (mean ± SEM).
FSNC training
Control
Planned contrast in ANCOVA
value (uncorrected, corrected)
Pre
Post
Pre
Post
Arithmetic
Simple arithmetic (items)
30.7 ± 1.2
37.8 ± 1.5
33.0 ± 1.1
35.0 ± 1.3
FSNC training > control
4.28 10−4, 0.003
Complex arithmetic (items)
7.79 ± 1.23
9.59 ± 1.71
7.03 ± 0.44
7.65 ± 0.52
FSNC training > control
0.0340, 0.060
Nonverbal reasoning
RAPM (score)
27.7 ± 0.9
30.7 ± 0.9
28.1 ± 0.8
30.1 ± 0.9
FSNC training > control
0.112, 0.157
CCFT (score)
31.7 ± 1.1
32.8 ± 2.0
29.8 ± 1.0
35.0 ± 1.3
FSNC training > control
0.754, 0.440
Working memory (WM)
Digit span (score)
37.9 ± 1.1
37.9 ± 1.2
36.5 ± 1.9
37.6 ± 1.7
FSNC training > control
0.702, 0.440
Visuospatial WM (score)
25.8 ± 1.7
28.6 ± 1.8
29.8 ± 1.2
30.6 ± 1.2
FSNC training > control
0.241, 0.211
Intelligence test with speeded tasks
Tanaka B type intelligence test
114.1 ± 3.5
125.2 ± 3.4
118.7 ± 2.8
127.6 ± 2.8
FSNC training > control
0.301, 0.214
Simple processing speed
Word-Color task (items)
74.2 ± 2.0
81.1 ± 1.4
73.8 ± 1.3
80.2 ± 1.2
FSNC training > control
0.306, 0.214
Color-Word task (items)
54.2 ± 1.8
59.6 ± 1.6
52.9 ± 1.4
55.3 ± 1.7
FSNC training > control
0.005, 0.018
Executive function (inhibition)
Reverse Stroop task (items)
60.8 ± 2.3
68.0 ± 1.7
61.3 ± 1.6
66.0 ± 1.5
FSNC training > control
0.030, 0.060
Stroop task (items)
50.9 ± 2.1
55.0 ± 2.1
47.8 ± 1.6
51.0 ± 1.7
FSNC training > control
0.158, 0.158
Creativity
S-A creativity test (total grade)
23.4 ± 2.0
23.2 ± 1.6
26.1 ± 1.4
27.0 ± 1.3
Two-tailed
0.152, 0.158
Raven’s Advanced Progressive Matrices. Cattell’s Culture Fair Test. One-way ANCOVAs with test-retest differences in psychological measures as dependent variables and pretest scores on the psychological measures as covariates. values of results that were corrected for multiple comparisons using FDR.
