Impaired Functional Connectivity in the Prefrontal Cortex: A Mechanism for Chronic Stress-Induced Neuropsychiatric Disorders

Figure 1

Cognitive map of the perception-action cycle in the PFC. We present a diagram of the execution of cognitive behavioral control by the PFC in the perception-action cycle. Sensory, motivational, contextual, and internal state information is sent to the PFC, where it is integrated through synaptic inputs from other brain systems (OFC, HPC, amygdala, insula, ascending arousal system, etc.). Cognitive function, as selective attention, participates in the integration of perceptual stimuli. Once integrated, a labile cognitive map is formed in the PFC, which represents the coupling of perception and actions as required for adaptive goal-directed behaviors. This link is provided by the projection of the PFC to neural systems involved in executing actions and behavioral responses (premotor cortex, striatum, ascending-arousal system, and hypothalamus). The cognitive map formed in the PFC contains contingencies, abstract rules, and strategies related to the accomplishment of the goal. Simultaneously, through memory recall, this cognitive map retains links to and among distributed associative memories in other brain systems (declarative and procedural memories), allowing for retrieving memories and other representations when needed. Cognitive function as working memory is involved in the “online” attainment of the cognitive map, while preparatory set and inhibitory control participates in the generation of accurate behavioral responses.