Correlation between Motor Cortex Excitability Changes and Cognitive Impairment in Vascular Depression: Pathophysiological Insights from a Longitudinal TMS Study
Table 3
Differences (computed as ) of neuropsychological features of patients and controls.
(a)
VD
VCI
Controls
Kruskal-Wallis ANOVA
Mean
SD
Mean
SD
Mean
SD
(2,40)
MMSE
−2.86
3.54
−1.00
1.73
−1.42
1.70
1.59
0.451
ADL
−0.67
1.35
−0.10
0.57
0.00
0.00
3.11
0.211
IADL
−1.20
1.52
−0.70
0.82
0.07
0.26
11.81
0.0027
HDRS
1.80
6.79
0.30
4.40
0.53
2.59
0.95
0.622
AS
−0.30
0.64
−0.08
0.34
−0.04
0.47
2.67
0.263
SCID
−0.07
0.46
0.20
0.63
—
—
1.21
0.545
Stroop T
10.47
25.18
16.03
31.14
5.43
14.18
1.03
0.597
Stroop E
1.47
3.45
−0.24
2.68
0.37
0.85
0.73
0.695
FAB
0.48
3.49
0.39
1.88
−1.14
1.35
8.45
0.0146
(b)
Post hoc analysis
VD-VCI
VD-controls
VCI-controls
IADL
0.39
1.000
2.76
0.0171
2.07
0.114
FAB
0.80
1.000
2.85
0.0127
1.75
0.239
VD, patients with vascular depression; VCI, patients with vascular cognitive impairment-no dementia; SD, standard deviation; MMSE, mini mental state examination; ADL, Activity of Daily Living; IADL, Instrumental Activity of Daily Living; HDRS, 17-item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale; AS, Apathy Scale; SCID, structured clinical interview for DSM-IV; Stroop T, Stroop color-word test interference-time (sec); Stroop E, Stroop color-word test interference-number of errors; FAB, frontal assessment battery; numbers in bold and italic font indicate statistically significant value.
