Biphalin, a Dimeric Enkephalin, Alleviates LPS-Induced Activation in Rat Primary Microglial Cultures in Opioid Receptor-Dependent and Receptor-Independent Manners

Figure 1

The effect of a single intrathecal administration of biphalin at a dose ranging from 20 to 1000 μM on mechanical (a) and thermal (b) hypersensitivity as measured by von Frey and cold plate tests on day 12 after CCI. The results are presented as the means ± SEM (5–9 rats per group). The results were statistically evaluated using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Bonferroni’s post hoc test to assess differences between treatment groups. and indicate differences compared to sham-operated rats; ^### indicates differences compared to the vehicle-treated CCI-exposed rats. The cut-off latency was 26 g for von Frey test and 30 s for cold plate test.

(a)

(b)