Biphalin, a Dimeric Enkephalin, Alleviates LPS-Induced Activation in Rat Primary Microglial Cultures in Opioid Receptor-Dependent and Receptor-Independent Manners

Figure 6

The influence of biphalin on p38 (a) and ERK1/2 (b) phosphorylation in vehicle- and LPS-treated primary microglial cells. Microglial cells were treated with biphalin (BIPH; 10 μM) for 30 min and then with LPS (100 ng/mL) for 1 h (a, b). Naloxone (NLX; 0.1 μM) was added 30 min before biphalin. The data are presented as the fold change compared with the control group (vehicle-treated cells) as the mean ± SEM of 3-4 independent experiments. The results were statistically evaluated using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Bonferroni’s post hoc test to assess differences between the treatment groups. Significant differences in comparison with those of the control group (vehicle-treated cells) are indicated by ; differences between LPS-treated and biphalin- or biphalin- and naloxone-treated cells are indicated by ^## and ^###; differences between biphalin-treated and biphalin- and naloxone-treated cells are indicated by ^$$.

(a)

(b)