The Activation of the Mirror Neuron System during Action Observation and Action Execution with Mirror Visual Feedback in Stroke: A Systematic Review

Table 2

Brain activation or lateralization of brain activation measured by fMRI.

Brain areas	Concurrent effect of MVF versus the control without MVF during a motor task	Long-term rehabilitation with MVF versus the control without MVF	Concurrent effect of AO versus the control	Long-term rehabilitation with AO versus the control without AO
Frontal lobes
Primary motor cortex	Ipsilesional activation [34, 55]	Ipsilesional lateralization [46, 52]	Bilateral activation [47]; ipsilesional lateralization [50]
Premotor cortex		Ipsilesional lateralization [46]	Bilateral activation [47]; ipsilesional activation [56]	Bilateral activation [22]
Supplementary motor area			Bilateral activation [47]	Contralesional activation [22]
Superior frontal gyrus			Ipsilesional activation [48]
Inferior frontal gyrus			Bilateral activation [47]; ipsilesional lateralization [48, 50]
Prefrontal gyrus			Ipsilesional activation [48]
Parietal lobes
Primary somatosensory cortex	Bilateral activation [34, 55]
Superior parietal gyrus			Bilateral activation [47]; ipsilesional activation [48]
Precuneus	Bilateral activation [34, 53, 55]; ipsilesional lateralization [57]
Inferior parietal gyrus			Ipsilesional activation [56]; bilateral activation [47]
Supramarginal gyrus	Contralesional activation [34, 55]		Ipsilesional lateralization [50]	Ipsilesional activation [22]
Intraparietal sulcus	Contralesional activation [34, 55]
Posterior cingular cortex	Contralesional activation [53]
Temporal lobes
Superior temporal gyrus				Bilateral activation [22]
Inferior temporal gyrus			Bilateral activation [47]
Occipital lobes
Occipital gyrus			Bilateral activation [47]

Notes: MVF: mirror visual feedback; AO: action observation. Garrison et al. [50]: results of AO of the paretic hand movement were used; Bhasin et al [46]: the result of within-group difference was used, because the study did not have a control group.