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| Authors (year) | Sample size | Age (mean) | MS duration (years) | EDSS median | Technique(s) | Functional main result(s) | Clinical correlation(s) | Structural correlation(s) |
|
| Rocca et al. (2010) [83] | 24PP
33 SP
24 HS | 47.9 [29.0–64.0]
46.3 [24.0–65.0]
47.4 [26.0–65.0] | 12.7 [3.0–39.0]
15.5 [4.0–32.0]
— | 6.0 [3.0–8.0]
6.0 [4.0–9.0] | ICA (DMN) | Reduction of RS activity in the ACC was more pronounced in cognitively impaired vs cognitively preserved patients | Positive correlation between PASAT and word list test scores and DMN abnormalities | Positive correlation with DTI changes in the corpus callosum and cingulum |
| Roosendaal et al. (2010) [60] | 14 CIS
31 RR
41 HS | 34.6 (8.4)
39.1 (9.0)
38.6 (10.5) | 1.4 [0.8–1.5]
3.5 [1.1–8.5] | 2.0 [1.0–2.6]
2.5 [2.0–3.5] | ICA | Greater FC in many RSNs in CIS but not in MS with respect to HS | — | FC in several networks decreases with increasing structural damage |
| Bonavita et al. (2011) [63] | 18 CP RR
18 CI RR
18 HS | 40.5 (6.9)
40.9 (8.7)
39.0 (10.0) | 10.9 (4.7)
11.9 (7.1)
— | 2.6 (1.7)
2.8 (1.1)
— | ICA
DMN investigation | Decreased FC in the anterior component of the DMN | Negative correlation between global cognitive scores and FC in the tDMN | No significant result |
| Liu et al. (2011) [58] | 35 RR
35 HS | 38.1 [18.0–58.0]
35.6 [18.0–54.0] | 3.6 [0.5–17.0]
— | 2.5 [1.0–6.0] | ALFF | Increment ALFF in the bilateral thalami, R insula, and R superior temporal gyrus | Correlation between EDSS and ALFF in the R insula and R superior temporal gyrus | No significant results |
Faivre et al. (2012)
[61] | 13 early RR
14 HS | 31.8 (7.4)
30.1 (8.6) | 1.1 [0.3–3.3]
— | 1.0 [0.0–3.0]
— | ICA | Greater FC in the visual processing network, anterior DMN, dorsal FPN, prefronto-insular network, R ventral FPN, and R SMN | Negative correlation between 9-HPT and MSFC scores and FPN FC | No significant results |
| Liu et al. (2012) [57] | 37 CIS
37 HS | 30.6 [15.0–56.0]
31.4 [17.0–55.0] | 0.3 [0.03–0.5]
— | 3.0 [1.0–6.0]
— | ALFF | Decrement of ALFF in the R anterior cingulate cortex, caudate, lingual gyrus, and cuneus | No significant results | No significant results |
| Gallo et al. (2012) [65] | 16 RR nON
14 RR ON
15 HS | 37.8 [19.0–51.0]
33.8 [21.0–50.0]
36.3 [20.0–53.0] | 10.0 [5.0–18.0]
8.2 [3.0–22.0]
— | 2.0 [1.0–4.0] mean
2.1 [1.0–5.5] mean | ICA (visual network) | Lower FC in peristriate cortices, along the fusiform gyri, bilaterally. ON compared to nON: greater FC in the R lateral middle occipital gyrus and lower FC in the R lingual gyrus | Number of optic neuritis associated to reduction of FC in the R inferior peristriate cortex | No significant results |
| Schoonheim et al. (2012) [62] | 12 RR 3 SP M
14 RR 1 SP F
15 HS M
15 HS F | 42.0 (9.6)
42.8 (9.6)
44.3 (8.2)
42.8 (7.6) | 5.1 (4.1)
4.9 (3.9)
—
— | 3.7 (1.9)
3.2 (1.1)
—
— | Graph theory ICA | More altered metrics in male MS | Positive correlation with performance | — |
| Schoonheim al. (2014) [71] | 112 RR,
7 PP,
9 SP
50 HS | 40.4 (11.1)
41.0 (8.8) | 7.7 (2.2)
— | 2.0 [0.0–8.0]
— | Fast eigenvector centrality mapping | Modulation of eigenvector centrality mapping and FC of SMC | Positive correlation with cognitive performance
Negative correlation with EDSS | Correlation with thalamic volume |
| Tona et al. (2014) [67] | 48 RR
24 | 36.7 (8.1)
31.1 (6.5) | 7.4 (6.1)
— | 2.0 [1.0–4.5]
— | Seed (thalamus) | Coexistence of areas of increased FC and areas of decreased FC | Negative correlation with PASAT 2 s/3 s | — |
| Zhou et al. (2014) [59] | 13 RR
13 HS | 42.1 [20.0–58.0]
41.8 [21.0–58.0] | 2.1 [0.1–12.5]
— | 1.5 [1.0–2.5]
— | ALFF (thalamus) | Increment of ALFF in the bilateral thalami | Correlation with PASAT | Correlation with FA in the left thalamus |
| Liu et al. (2015) [68] | 35 RR
35 HS | 38.1 (18–58)
35.6 (18–54) | 3.6 [0.5–17.0] | 2.5 [1.0–6.0]
— | Seed (thalamus) | Decreased FC between the thalamus and several brain regions | Negative correlation between disease duration and interthalamic FC | No significant results |
| Liu et al. (2016) [66] | 28 RR
20 CIS
28 HS | 34.6 (10.0)
32.8 (12.3)
31.6 (11.4) | 3.3 (2.8)
0.3 (0.1)
— | 2.7 (1.4)
3.1 (1.9) | nFCS | Increment of nFCS in CIS evolved in MS vs the remaining CIS in the R anterior cingulate and fusiform gyri | Positive correlation with EDSS | Positive correlation with lesion load |
| Rocca et al. (2016) [70] | 246 MS
55 HS | 41.7 [20–60]
42.3 [19–60] | 13.7 [0.0–36.0] | 3.0 [0.0–9.0] | Graph theory | Different characteristics and distribution of hubs | Association between cognitive deficits and impairment of global integration | No significant results. |
| Zhong et al. (2016) [69] | 26 MI
17MP
20HS | 49.9 (12.25)
48.2 (8.6);
44.2 (13.3) | 12.8 (9.8)
7.4 (5.0)
— | 2.0 [0.0–6.0]
3.5 [0.0–6.5]
— | Seed (LM1) | MI had weaker FC at LM1 with SMC and SII | Negative correlation between FC and 9HPT | Structural abnormalities in regions of FC impaired |
| Bisecco et al. (2017) [64] | 28 RR F
31 RR NF
29 HS | 40.5 [21–62]
39.6 [23–54]
40.1 (10.1) | 13.8 [1.0–44.0]
11.2 [1.0–27.0]
— | 2.0 [1.0–5.5]
1.5 [1.0–6.0] | ICA (DMN, SMN) | Functional rearrangement of the DMN and SMN in the MSF | Association of fatigue severity and changes in DMN | — |
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