Review Article

The Role of fMRI in the Assessment of Neuroplasticity in MS: A Systematic Review

Table 6

Interventional r-fMRI papers.

Authors (year)Sample sizeAge (mean)MS duration (years)EDSS (median)Intervention(s) (setting and schedule)Technique(s)Functional main result(s)Clinical correlation(s)Structural correlation(s)

Filippi al. (2012) [75]10 RR
Active
10 RR
Control
46.7 [25.0–64.0]
44.8 [28–60]
13.5 [1.0–28.0]
15.5 [1.0–28.0]
2.0 [1.5–4.0]
2.5 [1–4.0.0]
12 weeks of computer-assisted cognitive rehabilitationICAFC in the DMN, SPN, and EFN increase or stay stable in the active groupFC changes correlates with cognitive improvement
Petsas et al. (2015) [74]20 RR
14 HS
34.0 (6.0)
31.0 (5.0)
13.5 (16.5)
1.5 [0.0–3.0]
25 minutes of right repetitive thumb flexionsICAGreater increment of FC in the cerebellumNo significant resultsCorrelation between FC in SMN and lesion volume
Boutiére et al. (2016) [77]9MS
Active
7 SP, 8 MS
Control
48.2 (9.4)
55.4 (11.1)
12.2 (8.2)
18.7 (11.0)
6.0 [4.0–7.0]
6.0 [6.0–6.5]
13 consecutive days of theta burst stimulation of the motor cortex.Graph theoryLaterality increases at the end of stimulation and returns to baseline after two weeksPositive correlation with improvement of spasticity
De Giglio et al. (2016) [76]11 MS Active
11 MS control
42.0 (8.8)
41.1 (4.4)
12.9 (5.7)
2.0 [2.0–7.0]
8-weeks of video game-based cognitive rehabilitationSeed (thalamus)Increase FC in the posterior cingulate, precuneus, and parietal cortex and decrement of FC in the cerebellum and L DLPFCPositive correlation of FC in the parietal cortex and cognitive improvement

SPN: salience processing network; EFN: executive function network; DLPFC: dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. L: left; italic font: mean; round parenthesis: standard deviation; squared parenthesis: range.