Sensorimotor Robotic Measures of tDCS- and HD-tDCS-Enhanced Motor Learning in Children

Figure 1

Pediatric KINARM robot tasks for visually guided reaching, kinesthesia, and position matching tasks for an exemplar 18-year-old female. (a) Frontal view of the KINARM robotic apparatus. (b) Visually guided reaching performance for the left hand and speed profile for the movement out from the center to the bottom left target. (c) Visually guided reaching performance for the right hand and speed profile for the movement from the center out to the bottom left target. The participant reached out from a central target to one of the four peripheral targets and reached back to the center target. (d) Kinesthesia single direction hand paths. Blue line represents the robot movement of the passive left arm; red lines represent the active arm path. Grey circles represent the location of robotic movement targets. Hand speed profile shows the speed of the passive (blue) and active (red) arms. (e) End positions for the position matching task. Closed symbols represent the positions where the moved the participants’ passive left arm. The solid green lines represent the border of the outer 8 targets. Open symbols on the right represent where the participant mirror matched with their active right arm. The ellipses represent variability of matching (1SD). Open symbols on the left are the mirrored representation of the subject’s attempts to match so that the readers can easily compare the two arms.

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