Neuropharmacological Effects of Mesaconitine: Evidence from Molecular and Cellular Basis of Neural Circuit

Table 1

Experimental information of the analgesic effect of MA.

Animal	Route	Most intense analgesia	ED50 values	Mode of action	Medicine	Method	References
Male mice (20-24 g) of the Std:ddY strain; Male rats (200-220 g) of the Wistar strain.	s.c. MA (60 μg/kg); s.c. MA (20 μg/kg); i.c.	40 min after s.c	28 μg/kg (95% confidence limit: 11-37) in acetic acid-induced writhing; 11 μg/kg (4-28) in tail flick	Dose-dependent and time-dependent	Mesaconitine hydrobromide	Acetic acid-induced writhing tail-flick	[26]....
Male Sprague-Dawley rats (250-350 g)	Intracerebral cannulation; 10 ng/rats into NRPG; 5 ng/rats into NRM; 5 ng/rats into PAG	10 min; 5 min; 5 min		Dose-dependent and time-dependent	Mesaconitine hydrobromide	Paw pressure test	[22]....
Male rats of the Sprague-Dawley strain (200-250 g)	Intracerebral cannulation; 50 and 100 ng/rat into the NRPG; 50 ng/rat into the NRGC; 50 ng/rat into the PAG; 0.5 and 1.0 μg/rat into the lumbar enlargement	20 to 120 min; 20 to 120 min; 5 to 120 min; 10 to 60 min	9.1 μg/kg- (95% confidence limits: 5.1-16.2) intravenously	Dose-dependent and time-dependent	Mesaconitine hydrobromide	Tail immersion test	[17]....
Male NMRI mice (25-30 g)	i.v.		0.025 (0.021-0.034)	Dose-dependent and time-dependent	Mesaconitine	Formalin test	[18]....

Abbreviations: MA: mesaconitine; NRPG: nucleus reticularis paragigantocellularis; NRM: nucleus raphe magnus; NGF: nerve growth factor; PAG: periaqueductal gray.