Effects of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) in the Normalization of Brain Activation in Patients with Neuropsychiatric Disorders: A Systematic Review of Neurophysiological and Neuroimaging Studies
Table 2
Abnormal brain activation of patients with neuropsychiatric disorders when compared to healthy controls.
Diagnosis
EEG/fMRI indicator
Task
Increase/decrease when compared to controls
Meta-analytic reference (if applicable)
Schizophrenia
P300
Auditory oddball
Decrease
Bramon et al. (2004) Qiu et al. (2014)
N170
Face processing
Decrease
McCleery et al. (2015)
N100
Paired click paradigm
Decrease
Rosburg (2018)
ERN†
Attentional control
Decrease
Foti et al. (2012) Mathalon & Ford (2012)
MMN
Auditory discrimination
Decrease
Umbricht & Krlijes (2005) Erikson et al. (2016)
MFC activation
Working memory
Decrease
Glahn et al. (2005)
ACC activation
Attentional control
Increase
Glahn et al. (2005)
Substance abuse
P300
Auditory oddball
Decrease
Euser et al. (2012)
PCC activation
Resting
Decrease
Xiao et al. (2015)
Depression
L DLPFC activation
Working memory, emotional face processing
Decrease
Groenewold et al. (2013)
Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder
P300
Auditory oddball
Decrease
Szuromi et al. (2011)
DLPFC activation
Working memory, attention
Decrease
Cortese et al. (2012)
SMA activation
Decrease
PMC activation
Decrease
Insula activation
Decrease
Hart et al. (2012)
Precuneus activation
Increase
Dyslexia†
P100
Auditory
Increase
Rahimi et al. (2019) Araujo et al. (2015), right brain
N100
Increase
Rahimi et al. (2019) Helenius et al. (2002)
Decrease
Bonte & Blomert (2004)
P200
Increase
Rahimi et al. (2019)
Mild cognitive impairment‡
Prefrontal resting CBF
Resting
Decrease
Hays et al. (2016)
IFG activation
Semantic memory retrieval
Decrease
Nellessen et al. (2014)
†Meta-analysis/review not available; results from empirical studies were reported. ‡Meta-analysis not available; results from systematic review were reported. EEG: electroencephalography; fMRI: functional magnetic resonance imaging; ERN: event-related negativity; MMN: mismatch negativity; MFC: medial frontal cortex; ACC: anterior cingulate gyrus; PCC: posterior cingulate cortex; L: left; DLPFC: dorsolateral prefrontal cortex; SMA: supplementary motor area; PMC: premotor cortex; IFG: inferior frontal gyrus; CBF: cerebral blood flow.