Review Article

Effects of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) in the Normalization of Brain Activation in Patients with Neuropsychiatric Disorders: A Systematic Review of Neurophysiological and Neuroimaging Studies

Table 2

Abnormal brain activation of patients with neuropsychiatric disorders when compared to healthy controls.

DiagnosisEEG/fMRI indicatorTaskIncrease/decrease when compared to controlsMeta-analytic reference (if applicable)

SchizophreniaP300Auditory oddballDecreaseBramon et al. (2004)
Qiu et al. (2014)
N170Face processingDecreaseMcCleery et al. (2015)
N100Paired click paradigmDecreaseRosburg (2018)
ERNAttentional controlDecreaseFoti et al. (2012)
Mathalon & Ford (2012)
MMNAuditory discriminationDecreaseUmbricht & Krlijes (2005)
Erikson et al. (2016)
MFC activationWorking memoryDecreaseGlahn et al. (2005)
ACC activationAttentional controlIncreaseGlahn et al. (2005)
Substance abuseP300Auditory oddballDecreaseEuser et al. (2012)
PCC activationRestingDecreaseXiao et al. (2015)
DepressionL DLPFC activationWorking memory, emotional face processingDecreaseGroenewold et al. (2013)
Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorderP300Auditory oddballDecreaseSzuromi et al. (2011)
DLPFC activationWorking memory, attentionDecreaseCortese et al. (2012)
SMA activationDecrease
PMC activationDecrease
Insula activationDecreaseHart et al. (2012)
Precuneus activationIncrease
DyslexiaP100AuditoryIncreaseRahimi et al. (2019)
Araujo et al. (2015), right brain
N100IncreaseRahimi et al. (2019)
Helenius et al. (2002)
DecreaseBonte & Blomert (2004)
P200IncreaseRahimi et al. (2019)
Mild cognitive impairmentPrefrontal resting CBFRestingDecreaseHays et al. (2016)
IFG activationSemantic memory retrievalDecreaseNellessen et al. (2014)

Meta-analysis/review not available; results from empirical studies were reported. Meta-analysis not available; results from systematic review were reported. EEG: electroencephalography; fMRI: functional magnetic resonance imaging; ERN: event-related negativity; MMN: mismatch negativity; MFC: medial frontal cortex; ACC: anterior cingulate gyrus; PCC: posterior cingulate cortex; L: left; DLPFC: dorsolateral prefrontal cortex; SMA: supplementary motor area; PMC: premotor cortex; IFG: inferior frontal gyrus; CBF: cerebral blood flow.