Effect of Propionic Acid on Diabetes-Induced Impairment of Unfolded Protein Response Signaling and Astrocyte/Microglia Crosstalk in Rat Ventromedial Nucleus of the Hypothalamus

Figure 8

Effects of metformin and PA treatment on the content of microglial marker Iba1. Immunoblotting analysis of the Iba1 in rat VMH: (a) representative immunoblots are shown and quantified using tubulin as a loading control for hypothalamus lysates. The bar graphs of the (b) Iba1 protein level are presented as (). Quantitative RT-PCR of the (c) Iba1 in rat VMH: data were normalized to β-actin and pooled from three independent experiments ( rats/group). Immunocytochemical analysis of the Iba1-positive VMH cells: representative (d) histogram and (e) images of representative VMH sections showing the Iba1-positive microglial cells are shown. DAB staining was used to visualize the Iba1-positive microglial cells; Hematoxylin Gill was used for nuclear staining. Scale bars indicate 150 μm (magnification ×400). All data are shown as ; vs. control, vs. T2DM, ^# vs. metformin administration, and ^@ vs. PA administration.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)