Anodal Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (atDCS) of the Primary Motor Cortex (M1) Facilitates Nonconscious Error Correction of Negative Phase Shifts

<table class="figure-group"><tr class="fig-image" id="a"><td><object data="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/np/volume-2022/9419154/figures/9419154.fig.003a.svgz" name="9419154.fig.003a" type="image/svg+xml"></object></td></tr><tr class="fig-caption"><td><b>(a) </b>Conscious step-changes</td></tr><tr class="fig-image" id="b"><td><object data="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/np/volume-2022/9419154/figures/9419154.fig.003b.svgz" name="9419154.fig.003b" type="image/svg+xml"></object></td></tr><tr class="fig-caption"><td><b>(b) </b>Nonconscious step-changes</td></tr></table>

<div>Mean tap-to-tone asynchrony in trials with conscious (a) and nonconscious (b) step-changes prior to tDCS. The analysis suggests stable synchronization performance in baseline trials (<svg height="8.68572pt" id="M43" style="vertical-align:-0.0498209pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -8.6359 21.1995 8.68572" width="21.1995pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><path d="M600 480C600 590 528 650 384 650H143L137 622C222 614 225 607 210 531L130 127C113 41 106 36 23 28L17 0H294L300 28C204 36 195 42 212 127L243 284L314 263C327 263 339 263 352 264C465 271 600 337 600 480ZM508 481C508 351 402 304 329 304C289 304 265 311 250 317L295 559C302 594 310 606 323 611C335 616 350 619 367 619C455 619 508 573 508 481Z"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,8.026,0)"><path d="M469 201V252H50V201H469Z"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,14.812,0)"><path d="M456 178V225H360V632H320C217 496 115 347 20 206V178H280V106C280 40 276 34 189 27V0H445V27C364 34 360 39 360 106V178H456ZM280 225H82C149 335 214 431 278 520H280V225Z"></path></g></svg>–<span class="nowrap"><svg height="8.68572pt" id="M44" style="vertical-align:-0.0498209pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -8.6359 21.1995 8.68572" width="21.1995pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><path d="M600 480C600 590 528 650 384 650H143L137 622C222 614 225 607 210 531L130 127C113 41 106 36 23 28L17 0H294L300 28C204 36 195 42 212 127L243 284L314 263C327 263 339 263 352 264C465 271 600 337 600 480ZM508 481C508 351 402 304 329 304C289 304 265 311 250 317L295 559C302 594 310 606 323 611C335 616 350 619 367 619C455 619 508 573 508 481Z"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,8.026,0)"><path d="M469 201V252H50V201H469Z"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,14.812,0)"><path d="M384 0V27C293 34 287 42 287 114V635C232 613 172 594 109 583V559L157 557C201 555 205 550 205 499V114C205 42 199 34 109 27V0H384Z"></path></g></svg>).</span> A step-change (<span class="nowrap"><svg height="8.68572pt" id="M45" style="vertical-align:-0.0498209pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -8.6359 8.15071 8.68572" width="8.15071pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><path d="M600 480C600 590 528 650 384 650H143L137 622C222 614 225 607 210 531L130 127C113 41 106 36 23 28L17 0H294L300 28C204 36 195 42 212 127L243 284L314 263C327 263 339 263 352 264C465 271 600 337 600 480ZM508 481C508 351 402 304 329 304C289 304 265 311 250 317L295 559C302 594 310 606 323 611C335 616 350 619 367 619C455 619 508 573 508 481Z"></path></g></svg>)</span> in either direction yielded a significant deviation from the mean baseline asynchrony. Error bars delineate the standard error of the mean.</div>

Neural Plasticity

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Figure 3

Figure 3: Anodal Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (atDCS) of the Primary Motor Cortex (M1) Facilitates Nonconscious Error Correction of Negative Phase Shifts 

Figure 3 | Anodal Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (atDCS) of the Primary Motor Cortex (M1) Facilitates Nonconscious Error Correction of Negative Phase Shifts 