|
| Sr. no. | Variant | Definition and key features | Causes | Diagnosis | Treatment | Reference |
|
| (1) | SE | Seizure that persists for a significant period of time and occurs frequently is termed SE
Exhibits high morbidity and low mortality rates | Imbalance at cellular level pathways operating in CNS | EEG | Antiseizure drugs
Anesthetic agents | [3, 10, 14] |
|
| (2) | RSE | SE which is incurable with two antiseizure drugs of which benzodiazepine is the one and the seizure lasts for around 1–2 hours
Exhibits low mortality and high morbidity | Duration of SE
CNS infections
Massive stroke
Brain tumors | Comprehensive metabolic profile
Blood tests | Combination of antiepileptic drugs
Electroconvulsive therapy
Recurrent transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) | [1, 3, 10, 22] |
|
| (3) | SRSE | SE that continues up to 24 hours or more even after the use of anesthetic therapy
Exhibits high mortality and morbidity | Duration of SE
CNS infections
Metabolic disorders | Cerebrospinal fluid tests
Blood tests | Immunomodulation therapies with immunoglobulins (IGs) and steroids
Plasma exchange
Epilepsy surgery | [10, 26] |
|
| (4) | NORSE | Occurs due to prolonged period of refractory seizures with no identifiable cause .
Exhibits high mortality and morbidity | Autoimmune disorders
Unidentified viral infections | Careful investigation of clinical history
Continuous EEG monitoring
Brain CT and MRI scan
Cerebrospinal fluid tests
Blood tests | Newer analogs of antiseizure drugs
Anesthetic agents | [10, 24, 27] |
|
| (5) | FIRES | Subjects experience a nonspecific febrile illness followed by the onset of seizure activity lasting around 1–2 weeks.
Exhibits high mortality and morbidity | Autoimmune
paraneoplastic syndrome | Careful investigation of clinical history
Prolonged EEG
Lumbar puncture
Blood tests
Genetic tests
MRI | Ketogenic diet
Cannabidiol
IGs (immunoglobulins)
Monoclonal antibodies | [10, 24, 25, 27] |
|
