Health Literacy Influences Heart Failure Knowledge Attainment but Not Self-Efficacy for Self-Care or Adherence to Self-Care over Time

Table 1

Demographic information.

Demographic characteristic	All participants 𝑁=51	Inadequate health literacy 𝑁=10	Marginal health literacy 𝑁=5	Adequate health literacy 𝑁=36	𝑃 value
Age, mean (SD), y	64.68 (13.04)	77.00 (11.79)*	69.20 (10.76)	60.97 (11.71)*	0.002
Years of education, mean (SD), y	13.72 (2.77)	11.89 (2.67)	13.2 (1.79)	14.27 (2.75)	0.061
BMI, mean (SD), kg/m^2	29.84 (8.14)	28.37 (5.59)	38.42 (13.74)*	29.06 (7.31)*	0.042
Prescription medications, mean (SD)	8.78 (4.28)	9.30 (3.53)	10.80 (1.79)	8.36 (4.66)	0.456
Recruitment site, 𝑁 (%^a)					0.018
Bloomington hospital	19 (37.3)	7 (13.7)	3 (5.9)	9 (17.6)
Community health network	4 (7.8)	1 (2.0)	0 (0.0)	3 (5.9)
Cleveland clinic	28 (54.9)	2 (3.9)	2 (3.9)	24 (41.1)
Male, 𝑁 (%)	29 (56.9)	5 (9.8)	3 (5.69)	21 (41.2)	0.885
Marital status, 𝑁 (%)					0.025
Unmarried	5 (9.8)	1 (2.0)	1 (2.0)	3 (5.9)
Married	34 (66.7)	3 (5.9)	2 (3.9)	29 (56.9)
Divorced/separated	3 (5.9)	0 (0.0)	1 (2.0)	2 (3.9)
Widowed	9 (17.6)	6 (11.8)	1 (2.0)	2 (3.9)
Ethnicity, 𝑁 (%)					0.287
Black/African American	3 (5.9)	0 (0.0)	1 (2.0)	1 (2.0)
White/Caucasian	45 (88.2)	9 (17.6)	4 (7.8)	32 (62.7)
Hispanic/Latino	3 (5.9)	1 (2.0)	0 (0.0)	1 (2.0)
Financial status, 𝑁 (%)					0.379
More than enough to make ends meet	22 (43.1)	4 (7.8)	1 (2.0)	17 (33.3)
Enough to make ends meet	20 (39.2)	5 (9.8)	2 (3.9)	13 (25.5)
Not enough to make ends meet	9 (7.6)	1 (2.0)	2 (3.9)	6 (11.8)

∗Significant difference between groups in posthoc tests, 𝑃<0.05.
^aAll % calculated with a denominator of 𝑁=51.