Participation in Decision Making as a Property of Complex Adaptive Systems: Developing and Testing a Measure

Table 2

Study II: Organization means, standard deviations, and reliabilities of total PDM scores (𝑁=195).

Variable	M	SD	Eta-squared	ICC(1, 𝑘)	Alpha
PDM—RN measures
Operations	5.58	1.04	0.14	0.66	0.94
Marketing	6.10	1.08	0.13	0.64	0.95
Core functions	7.03	0.74	0.10	0.52	0.90
Support functions	6.65	0.78	0.11	0.56	0.90
PDM—CNA measures
Operations	2.57	0.67	0.13	0.64	0.95
Marketing	3.02	0.73	0.12	0.60	0.94
Core functions	3.75	0.72	0.10	0.52	0.93
Support functions	3.37	0.70	0.11	0.58	0.93
Additional instruments
Decentralization	3.00	0.40	0.09	0.48	0.87
Formalization	3.80	0.22	0.11	0.57	0.79
Communication openness	3.55	0.33	0.14	0.65	0.89
Communication accuracy	2.89	0.26	0.09	0.45	0.81