Nursing Research and Practice

Review Article

Disinfection of Needleless Connector Hubs: Clinical Evidence Systematic Review

Table 1

Disinfecting agents and devices literature.


	Grade^*

(1) J. Bak et al., Photochem Photobio, vol. 87, pp. 1123–1128, 2011.	D
(2) J. Bak and T. Begovic, J Hosp Infect, vol. 84, pp. 173–177, 2013.	D
(3) J. D. Brown, H. A. Moss, and T. S. Elliott, J Hosp Infection, vol. 36, pp. 181–189, 1997.	D
(4) A. L. Buchman, J. Spapperi, and P. Leopold, J Vasc Access, vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 11–21, 2009.	D
(5) A. L. Casey et al., J Hosp Inf, vol. 54, no. 4, pp. 288–293, 2003.	B
(6) C. Chernecky, L. Casella, E. Jarvis et al., J Research Nsg, vol. 15, no. 5, pp. 405–415, 2010.	D
(7) M. DeVries, P. S. Mancos, and M. J. Valentine, J Assoc Vasc Access, vol. 19, no. 2, pp. 87–93, 2014.	C
(8) K. Field, C. McFarlane et al., Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol, vol. 28, no. 5, pp. 610–613, 2007.	C
(9) P. Gould and A. Oudakker, “Getting to ZERO central line associated bloodstream infections,” Poster AVA, National Harbour, M.d., USA, September 2010.	C
(10) K. Guerin, J. Wagner, K. Rains, and M. Bessesen, Am J Infect Control, vol. 38, no. 6, pp. 430–433, 2010.	C
(11) J. L. Holroyd, D. A. Paulus et al., Anesth Analg, vol. 118, no. 2, pp. 333–343, 2010.	D
(12) H. Hong, D. F. Morrow, T. J. Sandora, and G. P. Priebe, Am J Infect Control, vol. 41, no. 8, pp. e77–e79, 2013.	D
(13) W. Kaler and R. Chinn, JAVA, vol. 12, no. 3, pp. 140–147, 2007.	D
(14) J. P. Kennedy, R. A. Lasher, D. Solomon, and R. W. Hitchcock, J Medical Devices, vol. 4, no. 2, Article ID 027509, 2010.	D
(15) C. Leon, F. Alvarez-Lerma, S. Ruiz-Santana et al., Crit Care Med, vol. 31, no. 5, pp. 1318–1324, 2003.	D
(16) M. Leone and L. Dillon, J Infusion Nsg, vol. 31, no. 2, pp. 84–91, 2008.	C
(17) M. Leone and M. Pratt, Infusion, pp. 10–13, Nov/Dec 2011.	D
(18) J. L. Lockman, E. S. Heitmiller, J. A. Ascenzi, and I. Berkowitz, Anesth, vol. 114, p. 958, 2011.	D
(19) R. W. Loftus et al., Anesthesia, vol. 115, no. 5, pp. 1109–1118, 2012.	D
(20) J. Luna, G. Masdeu et al., Eur J Clin Micro Infect Dis, vol. 19, pp. 655–662, 2000.	C-D
(21) J. Macias et al., Am J Infect Control, vol. 31, pp. 634–637, 2013.	D
(22) D. G. Maki, Clinical Infectious Diseases, vol. 50, no. 12, pp. 1580–1587, 2010.	D
(23) M. Mazher et al., Letters in Applied Microbiology, vol. 57, no. 4, pp. 282–287, 2013.	D
(24) S. Z. Menyhay and D. G. Maki, Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol, vol. 27, no. 1, pp. 23–27, 2006.	D
(25) S. Z. Menyhay and D. G. Maki, Am J Infect Control, vol. 36, no. 10, pp. S174.e171–S174.e175, 2008.	D
(26) K. C. Merrill et al., Am J Infect Control, vol. 42, no. 12, pp. 1274–1277, 2014.	B-C
(27) M. K. Muffly et al., Am J Infect Control, vol. 38, no. 9, pp. 734–739, 2010.	D
(28) J. Oto, H. Imanaka, M. Konno, E. Nakataki, and M. Nishimura, Am J Infect Control, vol. 39, no. 4, pp. 309–313, 2011.	B-C
(29) E. Perez et al., Journal of Clinical Microbiology, vol. 52, no. 3, pp. 823–831, 2014.	B-C
(30) C. Ramirez, A. Lee, and K. Welch, JAVA, vol. 17, no. 4, pp. 210–213, 2014.	B-C
(31) M. E. Rupp, S. Yu, T. Huerta et al., Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol, vol. 33, no. 7, pp. 661–665, 2012.	C
(32) K. L. Ruschman and J. S. Fulton, J Intraven Nurs, vol. 16, no. 5, pp. 304–308, 1993.	D
(33) C. Salgado et al., Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol, vol. 28, no. 6, pp. 684–688, 2007.	C
(34) M. Salzman, H. Isenberg, and L. Rubin, J Clin Microbiol, vol. 31, no. 3, pp. 475–479, 1993.	D
(35) S. Sannoh et al., Am J Infect Control, vol. 38, no. 6, pp. 424–429, 2010.	C
(36) M. Segura, F. Alvarez-Lerma, J. M. Tellado et al., Ann Surg, vol. 223, no. 4, pp. 363–369, 1996.	D
(37) S. Simmons, C. Bryson, and S. Porter, Critical Care Nursing Quarterly, vol. 34, no. 1, pp. 31–35, 2011.	D
(38) J. Smith, G. Irwin, M. Viney et al., J Assoc Vasc Access, vol. 17, no. 3, 2012.	D
(39) J. S. Soothill, K. Bravery, A. Ho, S. Macqueen, J. Collins, and P. Lock, Am J Infect Control, vol. 37, no. 8, pp. 626–630, 2009.	C
(40) C. Stango, D. Runyon, J. Stern, I. Macri, and M. Vacca, JIN, vol. 37, no. 6, pp. 1–4, 2014.	C
(41) M. A. Sweet, A. Cumpston, F. Briggs, M. Craig, and M. Hamadani, Am J Infect Control, vol. 40, no. 10, pp. 931–934, 2012.	C-B
(42) M. Wright, J. Tropp, D. Schora et al., Am J Infect Control, vol. 41, no. 1, pp. 33–38, 2012.	C-B
(43) J. C. Yebenes, M. Delgado, G. Sauca et al., Crit Care Med, vol. 36, no. 9, pp. 2558–2561, 2008.	D

Grade of recommendation was modified from the NHMRC definitions (NHMRC, 2009) [102]. To achieve a grade of A the research is required to be a high quality randomized control trial (RCT) or a systematic review of high quality RCTs. Laboratory (in vitro) research was classified as level V evidence (DeVries and Berlet, 2010 [103]; The University of Newcastle Australia, 2014 [104]).
A: body of evidence can be trusted to guide practice, systematic review or RCT.
B: body of evidence can be trusted to guide practice in most situations, RCT or high quality observational study.
C: body of evidence provides some support for recommendation but care should be taken in its application, observational studies.
D: Level V evidence or evidence that is weak and recommendation must be applied with caution, expert opinion, animal or laboratory studies.