|
| Authors, year | Evidence regarding patency with the use of NS versus heparin | Concentration, volume of heparin | Volume of NS | Frequency | Remarks |
|
| Peripheral cannulas |
|
|
Goode et al. [44] | No statistically significant difference | 2.5, 3.3, 10, 16.5, 50, 100, 132 U/mL
Volume NR | NR | q8h–q24h | Small number of studies, variation in methodological quality |
|
|
Peterson and Kirchhoff [45] | No statistically significant difference | 1–5 mL, 10 to 100 U/mL | 1–5 mL | q8h, q12h, q24h | Small number of studies, few pediatric studies, variation in methodological quality |
|
|
Randolph et al. [46] | No statistically significant difference | 10 U/mL
Volume NR | NR | q6h, q8h, q12h | Small number of studies |
| Lower patency rate in NS group | 100 U/mL
Volume NR | NR | q6h, q8h | Small number of studies |
|
| Gyr et al. 1995 [47] | Lower patency rate in NS group | 10 U/mL
Volume NR | NR | q1h–q8h | Pediatric population |
|
|
LeDuc 1997 [48] | No statistically significant difference | 3 mL 10 U/mL | 3 mL | 0.5 h–24 h | Pediatric population in emergency department setting |
|
| Niesen et al. 2003 [49] | No statistically significant difference | 1 mL 10 U/mL | 1 mL | q12h | Pregnant woman in emergency department setting, limited statistical power |
|
| Mok et al. 2007 [50] | No statistically significant difference | (1) 1 mL 1 U/mL
(2) 1 mL 10 U/mL | 1 mL | q6h, q8h | Pediatric population |
|
| White et al. 2011 [51] | No statistically significant difference | 1 mL 10 U/mL | 3 mL | q8h | Pediatric population, small sample size |
|
| Bertolino et al. 2012 [52] | Lower patency rate in NS group | 3 mL 100 U/mL | 3 mL | q12h | Large medical population |
|
| Midlines |
|
| | No evidence available | | | | |
|
| Nontunneled short-term CVCs |
|
| Rabe et al. 2002 [54] | Lower patency rate in NS group | (1) 0.5 mL 5000 U/mL | (2) 0.5 mL | q48h | (3) Third arm was Vit C 200 mg/mL, 10 mL
0.5 mL of locking solution was injected after each check for blood return without proper flushing in between |
| Schallom et al. 2012 [55] | No statistically significant difference | 3 mL 10 U/mL | 10 mL | q8h | ICU and medical ward, limited statistical power, ICU and medical ward |
|
| PICCs |
|
| Bowers et al. 2008 [56] | No statistically significant difference | 5 mL 100 U/mL | 10 mL | q12–24h | A positive displacement connector was used in the 3 groups, small study |
|
|
Lyons and Phalen 2014 [57] | No statistically significant difference | (1) 5 mL 10 U/mL
(2) 3 mL 100 U/mL | (3) 10 mL | q12h | A neutral connector was used in the 3 groups, home care setting |
|
| Tunneled catheters |
|
| Smith et al. 1991 [58] | No statistically significant difference | 5 mL 10 U/mL | 9 mL | q12h
q7d NS | Small sample size, paediatrics, onco-hematology patients |
|
| TIVADs |
|
| Goossens et al. 2013 [20] | No statistically significant difference | 3 mL 100 U/mL | 10 mL | Heparin at discharge or q8w | Onco-hematology patients |
|
