Stillbirths in Rural Hospitals in The Gambia: A Cross-Sectional Retrospective Study

Table 1

Demographic/reproductive and obstetric factors associated with stillbirth.

Characteristics	Total birth 𝑛 (%)	Stillbirth 𝑛 (%)	Crude OR (95% CI)	Adjusted^aa OR (95% CI)
	1519	237(15.6)
Maternal age (yrs)
<20	509(33.5)	61(12.0)	1	1.
20–34	827(54.4)	140(16.9)	1.20(0.80–1.81)	0.97(0.57–1.65)
≥35	183(12.0)	36(19.7)	1.80(1.14–2.83)*	1.39(0.64–2.93)
Parity
0	703(46.3)	77(11.0)	1	1.
1–3	380(25.0)	66(17.4)	1.31(0.92–1.86)	0.48(0.28–0.78)
≥4	436(28.7)	94(21.6)	2.24(1.61–3.10)***	0.35(0.20–0.63)
Residence
PHC Village	473(31.1)	108(22.8)	2.13(1.59–2.80)***	1.14(0.78–1.66)
Non-PHC Village	1046(68.9)	129(12.3)	1	.
Admission status
Referred	303(19.9)	153(50.5)	13.75(10.02–18.84)***	3.82(2.24–6.51)***
Booked	1216(80.1)	84(6.9)	1	1.
Antenatal Care
No	10(0.7)	5(50.0)	5.50(1.58–19.16)**	4.45(0.84–23.43)
Yes	1509(99.3)	232(15.4)	1	1.
Mode of delivery
Spontaneous Vaginal	1340(88.2)	191(14.3)	1	1
Assisted breech	53(3.5)	17(32.1)	1.80(1.16–2.80)**	1.64(0.74–3.60)
Caesarean Section	126(8.3)	29(23.0)	0.63(0.31–1.29)	4.35(2.46–7.70)***
Used of Patograph
No	958(63.1)	187(19.5)	2.48(1.78–3.45)***	1.70(1.13–2.56)**
Yes	561(36.9)	50(8.9)	1	1.
Obstetric complication
Yes	370	164(44.3)	11.74(8.58–16.06)***	6.68(3.84–11.62)***
No	1149	73(6.4)	1	1.
Type of birth
Multiple	111(7.3)	20(18.0)	1.20(0.73–1.99)	2.01(1.05–3.86)**
Singleton	1408(92.7)	217(15.4)	1	1.
Birth weight
<2500 g	278(18.3)	114(41.0)	6.32(4.67–8.55)***	4.48(3.04–6.59)***
≥2500 g	1241(81.7)	123(9.9)	1

^aaAdjusted for all variables listed in the table. ^∗𝑃-value <.01, ^∗∗𝑃-value <.05, ^∗∗∗𝑃-value <.001.