Venous Doppler in the Evaluation of Fetal Hydrops

Table 1

Grouping of fetal hydrops by pathophysiological cause.

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A. Hydrops caused by high-output heart failure (𝑛=32)

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      23 fetal anemia (13 Parvo B19 virus infection, 7 anti-D or anti Kell-immunization)

      2 fetomaternal transfusion, 1 hemoglobulinopathy

      3 twin-twin transfusion syndrome

      1 large sacrococcygeal teratoma

      5 atypical course of the umbilical vein

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B. Hydrops caused by low-output cardiac failure (𝑛=24)

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      10 severe obstruction of the cardiac outflow tract

       (1 HRHS, 2 PS+TR, 4 HLHS, 2 AoS+ MR, and 1 CoAo)

      5 small heart syndromes (size of 17 to 19 mm)

      4 arrhythmia (3 SVT, 1 AV-block 30)

      2 myocardial hypertrophy

      2 rhabdomyoma

      1 atrial aneurysm

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C. Hydrops caused by obstruction of venous return (𝑛=25)

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      13 uni- or bilateral hydrothorax

      4 lung malformation (3 CCAML, 1 sequestration)

      3 tumor in the mediastinum or in the liver

      2 meconiumileus

      1 megacystis

      1 cholangiodysplasia

      1 diaphragmatic hernia

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D. Hydrops of idiopathic cause (𝑛=19)

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      9 hydrops with unclear or multiple diagnosis

      10 chromosomal aberrations

       (5 trisomy 21, 3 Turner Syndrome, 1 triploidy, 1 marker chromosome)

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HRHS: hypoplastic right heart syndrome; PS: pulmonary stenosis; TR: tricuspid regurgitation;
HLHS: hypoplastic left heart syndrome; AoS: aortic stenosis; MR: mitral regurgitation; CoAo: coarctation of the aorta; SVT: supraventricle tachycardia.