An Updated Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Obstetric Consequences of Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting
Table 1
Meta-analyses results.
Outcomes
Model 1 Unadjusted results. All studies
Model 2 Adjusted results. All studies reporting adjusted results
Model 3 Adjusted results. Prospective studies reporting adjusted results
Model 4 Unadjusted results. Prospective studies reporting adjusted results
Prolonged labor
OR = 1.78 (1.02, 3.11) = 93% (, )
OR = 1.49 (1.01, 2.19) = 90% (, -max = 715333)
OR = 2.40 (1.40, 2.8) (, -max = 4800)
OR = 3.56 (2.85, 4.43) = NA (, )
Tears/lacerations
OR = 1.45 (1.05, 2.00) = 89% (, )
OR = 1.39 (0.99, 1.95) = 55% (, -max = 714502)
Caesarean section (multi)
OR = 1.28 (0.95, 1.72) = 97% (, )
OR = 1.32 (0.97, 1.80) = 83% (, -max = 743435)
OR = 1.60 (1.33, 1.91) = 0% (, -max = 20354)
OR = 1.85 (0.37, 9.27) = 100% (, )
Episiotomy
OR = 1.57 (1.00, 2.47) = 96% (, )
OR = 1.18 (0.76, 1.84) = NA (, -max = 4054)
Instrumental delivery
OR = 1.15 (0.77, 1.70) = 91% (, )
OR primi = 1.56 (1.32, 1.86) = 0% (, -max = 705128) OR multi = 1.34 (0.80, 2.26) = 56% (, -max = 705672)
Hemorrhage
OR = 2.18 (1.40, 3.37) = 93% (, )
OR = 1.50 (1.22, 1.84) = 19% (, -max = 743641)
OR = 1.91 (0.89, 4.08) = 61% (, -max = 33193)
OR = 1.98 (0.79, 4.94) = 98% (, )
Difficult labor
OR = 2.93 (1.30, 6.61) = 92% (, )
OR = 1.88 (1.06, 3.35) = 49% (, -max = 5907)
OR = 2.30 (1.3, 2.5) (, -max = 4800)
OR = 3.29 (2.37, 4.57) = NA (, )
OR: odds ratio with 95% confidence interval. For caesarean section and postpartum blood loss one study [7] provided adjusted RR not OR, which may have slightly lowered the pooled point estimate; : number of studies; : number of participants; -max: maximum possible number of study participants included in analysis.
