Pelvic Ultrasound Findings in Women with Obstetric Fistula: A Cross-Sectional Study of Cases and Controls

Table 2

Differences in obstetric characteristics by obstetric fistula status, among 110 women in Malawi.

Variable	Obstetric fistula (N = 98)	No obstetric fistula (n = 12)	value	Missing
	Mean (SD) or N (%)	Mean (SD) or N (%)
Final cervical length, mm	18.8 (8.7)	27.3 (6.2)	<0.01	8
Cervical width, mm	18.5 (8.0)	21.45 (3.0)	0.21	8
Anterior cervical stroma, mm	7.0 (3.1)	9.3 (1.4)	0.01	10
Posterior cervical stroma, mm	9.5 (2.5)	11.0 (1.5)	0.04	9
Final uterine volume, cm^3	587.7 (279.8)	628.2 (303.3)	0.64	0
Endometrial thickness, mm	7.0 (5.1)	7.1 (5.2)	0.96	0
Endometrium visualized			0.07	0
100%	76 (77.6)	12 (100.0)	—	—
51-99%	12 (12.2)	0 (0.0)	—	—
≤50%	9 (9.2)	0 (0.0)	—	—
0%	1 (1.0)	0 (0.0)	—	—
Endometrial appearance			0.81	0
Homogeneous	67 (68.4)	8 (66.7)	—	—
Heterogeneous	20 (20.4)	2 (16.7)	—	—
Trilaminar	10 (10.2)	2 (16.7)	—	—
Not seen	1 (1.0)	0 (0.0)	—	—
Endometrial echogenicity				0
Hyperechoic	61 (62.2)	10 (83.3)	0.48	—
Isoechoic	25 (25.5)	1 (8.3)	—	—
Hypoechoic	11 (11.2)	1 (8.3)	—	—
Not seen	1 (1.0)	0 (0.0)	—	—
Other endometrial findings
Fluid filled	25 (25.5)	2 (16.7)	0.73	—
Cystic	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	—	—
Serpiginous	6 (6.1)	0 (0.0)	0.49	—
Other	1 (1.0)	0 (0.0)	0.89	—
Not assessed	36 (36.7)	4 (33.3)	0.54	—
Not seen	31 (31.6)	6 (50.0)	0.17	—
Not sure	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	—	—
Final right ovarian volume, ml	11.4 (9.7)	9.9 (3.2)	0.65	28
Final left ovarian volume, ml	11.0 (10.8)	12.0 (4.0)	0.76	22
Total antral follicle count	14.4 (6.4)	12.3 (5.3)	0.40	44
Impression of cycle phase			1.00	0
Follicular	59 (60.2)	8 (66.7)	—	—
Periovulatory	23 (23.5)	3 (25.0)	—	—
Luteal	15 (15.3)	1 (8.3)	—	—
Not sure	1 (1.0)	0 (0.0)	—	—